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Background and Aims <p>Lead (Pb) contamination threatens the safe cultivation and phytochemical quality of medicinal plants. <i>Astragalus membranaceus</i> is valued for the root isoflavones, but Pb stress inhibits growth and perturbs stress physiology. We tested whether dark septate endophytes (DSEs) enhance Pb tolerance and support isoflavone accumulation in <i>A. membranaceus</i>, and whether responses differ among DSEs.</p> Methods <p>Three DSE species (<i>Paraphoma radicina</i>, <i>Paraphoma chlamydocopiosa</i>, and <i>Acrocalymma aquatica</i>) were inoculated into <i>A. membranaceus</i> plants grown under five Pb concentrations (0–150&#xa0;mg Pb/kg soil). Plant growth, tolerance index (TI), antioxidant activities, Pb accumulation, root isoflavones, and soil properties were measured. Multivariate analyses (RDA, VPA, PLS-PM) were used to integrate plant-soil interactions.</p> Results <p>DSE inoculation improved plant performance and increased the TI under Pb stress, with species-dependent effects. Inoculated plants presented increased antioxidant defence (SOD increased by 15–45%) and reduced oxidative damage (MDA decreased by 25–40%). The levels of root formononetin and calycosin increased significantly, particularly in <i>Pr</i> and <i>Pc.</i> Notably, inoculation with <i>Aa</i> increased soil available phosphorus by up to 40%.</p> Conclusion <p>DSEs can enhance Pb tolerance and support isoflavone accumulation in <i>A. membranaceus</i> under Pb stress, with clear species-dependent differences relevant for inoculant selection in contaminated soils. These findings highlight the potential of species-dependent DSE inoculants to improve medicinal plant growth in Pb contaminated soils.</p>

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Effects of different dark septate endophyte species on growth, Pb tolerance and associated physiological responses in Astragalus membranaceus under Pb stress

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月1日

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  • Gen Li,
  • Meiling Wu,
  • Qingqing Liu,
  • Yashuo Tian,
  • Simiao Wang,
  • Yibang Zhang,
  • Qing Dang,
  • Fei Cao,
  • Li Han

摘要

Background and Aims

Lead (Pb) contamination threatens the safe cultivation and phytochemical quality of medicinal plants. Astragalus membranaceus is valued for the root isoflavones, but Pb stress inhibits growth and perturbs stress physiology. We tested whether dark septate endophytes (DSEs) enhance Pb tolerance and support isoflavone accumulation in A. membranaceus, and whether responses differ among DSEs.

Methods

Three DSE species (Paraphoma radicina, Paraphoma chlamydocopiosa, and Acrocalymma aquatica) were inoculated into A. membranaceus plants grown under five Pb concentrations (0–150 mg Pb/kg soil). Plant growth, tolerance index (TI), antioxidant activities, Pb accumulation, root isoflavones, and soil properties were measured. Multivariate analyses (RDA, VPA, PLS-PM) were used to integrate plant-soil interactions.

Results

DSE inoculation improved plant performance and increased the TI under Pb stress, with species-dependent effects. Inoculated plants presented increased antioxidant defence (SOD increased by 15–45%) and reduced oxidative damage (MDA decreased by 25–40%). The levels of root formononetin and calycosin increased significantly, particularly in Pr and Pc. Notably, inoculation with Aa increased soil available phosphorus by up to 40%.

Conclusion

DSEs can enhance Pb tolerance and support isoflavone accumulation in A. membranaceus under Pb stress, with clear species-dependent differences relevant for inoculant selection in contaminated soils. These findings highlight the potential of species-dependent DSE inoculants to improve medicinal plant growth in Pb contaminated soils.