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Background and aims <p>Mulberry (<i>Morus alba</i> L.) demonstrates notable tolerance to heavy metals, including excess molybdenum (Mo). However, the metabolic basis of this tolerance remains poorly understood. Our primary objective was to characterize the Mo-induced metabolome alterations and their correlation with physiological changes in <i>M. alba</i>.</p> Methods <p>We conducted a comprehensive analysis of physiological and metabolic responses in <i>M. alba</i> (Yu-711) leaves under four Mo (Na<sub>2</sub>MoSO<sub>4</sub>) regimes, viz, deficient (0&#xa0;mg L<sup>−1</sup>; T1), normal (0.25&#xa0;mg L<sup>−1</sup>; control, CK), and excess (2.5&#xa0;mg L<sup>−1</sup>, T2; 12.5&#xa0;mg L<sup>−1</sup>, T3) after 20&#xa0;days of pots experiment and using untargeted LC–MS-based (liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry) metabolomics techniques.</p> Results <p>Molybdenum deficiency and excess significantly impaired photosynthetic efficiency and reduced chlorophyll content, leading to leaf biomass (dry) reductions of 37.8% (T2) and 50.7% (T3) compared to CK. While catalase and superoxide dismutase activities decreased, we observed marked increases in peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activities and hydrogen peroxide content under Mo stress conditions. These changes were accompanied by elevated activities of Mo-dependent enzymes, including aldehyde oxidase, nitrate reductase, and xanthine dehydrogenase, involved in nitrogen metabolism. Metabolomic profiling identified 227 differentially abundant metabolites, comprising 151 up-regulated and 76 down-regulated compounds. Pathway enrichment analysis highlighted significant perturbations in alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle, carbon metabolism, and other key metabolic pathways, with crucial metabolites participating keenly in these pathways under Mo stress.</p> Conclusion <p>This study provides fundamental insights into the metabolic adaptations of mulberry to Mo stress, offering valuable information for designing targeted breeding programs to improve mulberry plants' tolerance to Mo nutritional stress and for phytoremediation strategies.</p>

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Metabolomic and physiological responses of mulberry plants to exogenous molybdenum enhance amino acid and sugar metabolism

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月31日

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  • Zipei Cui,
  • Michael Ackah,
  • Frank Kwarteng Amoako,
  • Jianbin Li,
  • Aaron Tettey Asare,
  • Changyu Qiu,
  • Qiang Lin,
  • Owuraku Amponsah Abu,
  • Isaac K. A. Galyuon,
  • Xueying Jin,
  • Mengdi Zhao,
  • Weiguo Zhao

摘要

Background and aims

Mulberry (Morus alba L.) demonstrates notable tolerance to heavy metals, including excess molybdenum (Mo). However, the metabolic basis of this tolerance remains poorly understood. Our primary objective was to characterize the Mo-induced metabolome alterations and their correlation with physiological changes in M. alba.

Methods

We conducted a comprehensive analysis of physiological and metabolic responses in M. alba (Yu-711) leaves under four Mo (Na2MoSO4) regimes, viz, deficient (0 mg L−1; T1), normal (0.25 mg L−1; control, CK), and excess (2.5 mg L−1, T2; 12.5 mg L−1, T3) after 20 days of pots experiment and using untargeted LC–MS-based (liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry) metabolomics techniques.

Results

Molybdenum deficiency and excess significantly impaired photosynthetic efficiency and reduced chlorophyll content, leading to leaf biomass (dry) reductions of 37.8% (T2) and 50.7% (T3) compared to CK. While catalase and superoxide dismutase activities decreased, we observed marked increases in peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activities and hydrogen peroxide content under Mo stress conditions. These changes were accompanied by elevated activities of Mo-dependent enzymes, including aldehyde oxidase, nitrate reductase, and xanthine dehydrogenase, involved in nitrogen metabolism. Metabolomic profiling identified 227 differentially abundant metabolites, comprising 151 up-regulated and 76 down-regulated compounds. Pathway enrichment analysis highlighted significant perturbations in alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle, carbon metabolism, and other key metabolic pathways, with crucial metabolites participating keenly in these pathways under Mo stress.

Conclusion

This study provides fundamental insights into the metabolic adaptations of mulberry to Mo stress, offering valuable information for designing targeted breeding programs to improve mulberry plants' tolerance to Mo nutritional stress and for phytoremediation strategies.