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Background and aims <p>The Loess Plateau, among the world’s most severely eroded regions, has undergone large-scale ecological restoration through&#xa0;vegetative, agronomic, and structural measures&#xa0;implemented by the Chinese government. However, a systematic comparison of their effects on soil ecology remains limited.</p> Methods <p>Through a meta-analysis of studies published over the past 35&#xa0;years, this study found that all three measures significantly increased soil total nitrogen, total phosphorus, soil organic carbon, and soil organic matter contents.</p> Results <p>Vegetative measures also increased total potassium, available nitrogen, available potassium, soil water content, and soil porosity while reducing bulk density and available phosphorus. Catalase and urease activities increased under vegetative and structural measures, whereas invertase and protease activities increased under all three measures. Alkaline phosphatase activity increased under vegetative and agronomic measures. Microbial biomass carbon increased under vegetative and agronomic measures, whereas microbial biomass nitrogen increased only under vegetative measures. The Shannon index increased under vegetative and agronomic measures but decreased under structural measures, whereas the Simpson index decreased significantly only under vegetative measures. Nitrogen components were the primary factors influencing microbial characteristics under vegetative measures; available nitrogen dominated under structural measures, and available potassium was the key factor under agronomic measures.</p> Conclusion <p>Vegetative measures most comprehensively improved soil nutrients, enzyme activities, and microbial diversity, with different drivers mediating microbial properties under the three restoration strategies.</p>

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Evidence synthesis of soil effects from conservation measures on the Loess Plateau

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月14日

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  • Zemin Ai,
  • Yuanyuan Zhang,
  • Mingjiang Deng,
  • Peng Li,
  • Haoli Hu,
  • Tian Cao,
  • Xiaohu Dang,
  • Wen Zhang,
  • Li Li,
  • Yaqi Nan

摘要

Background and aims

The Loess Plateau, among the world’s most severely eroded regions, has undergone large-scale ecological restoration through vegetative, agronomic, and structural measures implemented by the Chinese government. However, a systematic comparison of their effects on soil ecology remains limited.

Methods

Through a meta-analysis of studies published over the past 35 years, this study found that all three measures significantly increased soil total nitrogen, total phosphorus, soil organic carbon, and soil organic matter contents.

Results

Vegetative measures also increased total potassium, available nitrogen, available potassium, soil water content, and soil porosity while reducing bulk density and available phosphorus. Catalase and urease activities increased under vegetative and structural measures, whereas invertase and protease activities increased under all three measures. Alkaline phosphatase activity increased under vegetative and agronomic measures. Microbial biomass carbon increased under vegetative and agronomic measures, whereas microbial biomass nitrogen increased only under vegetative measures. The Shannon index increased under vegetative and agronomic measures but decreased under structural measures, whereas the Simpson index decreased significantly only under vegetative measures. Nitrogen components were the primary factors influencing microbial characteristics under vegetative measures; available nitrogen dominated under structural measures, and available potassium was the key factor under agronomic measures.

Conclusion

Vegetative measures most comprehensively improved soil nutrients, enzyme activities, and microbial diversity, with different drivers mediating microbial properties under the three restoration strategies.