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<p>Modern agriculture must enhance crop productivity while reducing environmental degradation associated with inefficient fertilizer use and increasing abiotic stress. Fulvic acid (FA), a low-molecular-weight humic fraction enriched in oxygen-containing functional groups, has emerged as a promising biostimulant for improving nutrient-use efficiency and stress resilience. Owing to its high solubility, pH-responsive ionization, and metal-chelating capacity, FA regulates nutrient speciation and mobility, enhancing the availability of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), potassium (K), and phosphorus (P) across diverse soil environments. At the plant level, FA promotes nutrient acquisition primarily through bioenergetic and signaling modulation. Evidence consistently supports stimulation of plasma membrane H⁺-ATPase activity, reinforcing rhizosphere acidification and proton-driven electrochemical gradients that energize secondary active transport. FA treatment is further associated with transcript-level and physiological activation of iron- and phosphorus-deficiency response pathways, including ferric-chelate reductase activity and phosphate transporter expression. However, direct FA-specific genetic validation of individual metal transporter isoforms remains limited. Through coordinated regulation of rhizosphere chemistry, proton motive force, redox balance, and stress-responsive metabolic networks, FA enhances root development, chlorophyll synthesis, antioxidant capacity, and photosynthetic performance, contributing to improved biomass accumulation and tolerance to drought, salinity, and metal stress. At the soil scale, FA supports carbon stabilization, phosphorus mobilization, and microbial functional activity, reinforcing long-term soil fertility. Despite substantial progress, FA efficacy remains source- and context-dependent, and mechanistic understanding of intracellular nutrient partitioning and soil–microbiome feedback is incomplete. Future research should prioritize molecular-level validation and source-specific standardization to enable predictable, climate-resilient nutrient management strategies.</p>

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Fulvic acids as biostimulants in plant–soil systems: mechanistic insights into nutrient chelation, transport, and stress tolerance

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月16日

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  • Nazir Ahmed,
  • Muzammil Hussain,
  • Zameer Hussain,
  • Zahoor Ahmed,
  • Zhengzhou Yang,
  • Abdul Khalique,
  • Sadaruddin Chachar,
  • Zaid Chachar,
  • Bilquees Bozdar,
  • Aamir Ali,
  • Zhengjie Zhu

摘要

Modern agriculture must enhance crop productivity while reducing environmental degradation associated with inefficient fertilizer use and increasing abiotic stress. Fulvic acid (FA), a low-molecular-weight humic fraction enriched in oxygen-containing functional groups, has emerged as a promising biostimulant for improving nutrient-use efficiency and stress resilience. Owing to its high solubility, pH-responsive ionization, and metal-chelating capacity, FA regulates nutrient speciation and mobility, enhancing the availability of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), potassium (K), and phosphorus (P) across diverse soil environments. At the plant level, FA promotes nutrient acquisition primarily through bioenergetic and signaling modulation. Evidence consistently supports stimulation of plasma membrane H⁺-ATPase activity, reinforcing rhizosphere acidification and proton-driven electrochemical gradients that energize secondary active transport. FA treatment is further associated with transcript-level and physiological activation of iron- and phosphorus-deficiency response pathways, including ferric-chelate reductase activity and phosphate transporter expression. However, direct FA-specific genetic validation of individual metal transporter isoforms remains limited. Through coordinated regulation of rhizosphere chemistry, proton motive force, redox balance, and stress-responsive metabolic networks, FA enhances root development, chlorophyll synthesis, antioxidant capacity, and photosynthetic performance, contributing to improved biomass accumulation and tolerance to drought, salinity, and metal stress. At the soil scale, FA supports carbon stabilization, phosphorus mobilization, and microbial functional activity, reinforcing long-term soil fertility. Despite substantial progress, FA efficacy remains source- and context-dependent, and mechanistic understanding of intracellular nutrient partitioning and soil–microbiome feedback is incomplete. Future research should prioritize molecular-level validation and source-specific standardization to enable predictable, climate-resilient nutrient management strategies.