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Background and aims <p>Water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) is the most active component of soil organic carbon, yet its interaction with the nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) on soil nitrogen–carbon release and crop yield remains poorly studied.</p> Methods <p>A maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) field experiment investigated the effects of intermittent WSOC input and DMPP on maize growth, nitrogen fertilizer utilization, and greenhouse gas emissions. The bulk residue after evaporation (RAE), derived from vitamin C industrial fermentation and primarily consisting of natural organic acids secreted by microorganisms, was used as a source of WSOC.</p> Results <p>RAE alone (Urea + RAE) raised maize yield by 6.25–8.39%, enhanced soil microbial activity and heterotrophic metabolism. It increased gene abundances for ammonia oxidation (AOB-<i>amoA</i>) and denitrification (<i>narG</i>, <i>nirS</i>), temporarily elevated N<sub>2</sub>O and CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes, but did not significantly increase cumulative emissions. The influence of RAE on methane emissions was negligible. RAE also boosted <i>nifH</i> (nitrogen-fixing) gene copies and soil nitrogen content. DMPP alone improved maize yield and nitrogen use efficiency. It strongly suppressed AOB-<i>amoA</i> gene copies, mitigated RAE-induced N<sub>2</sub>O emissions, and lowered CO<sub>2</sub> release. The combined treatment (Urea + DMPP + RAE) synergistically enhanced nitrogen agronomic efficiency, partial factor productivity of nitrogen, and grain yield by 43.74%, 19.53%, and 20.01%, respectively, surpassing conventional high-nitrogen fertilization.</p> Conclusions <p>Despite using less fertilizer, the combined treatment produced higher yield than the high-nitrogen control (High-Urea). It also achieved the lowest yield-scaled N<sub>2</sub>O emissions and the highest entropy-weighted score, suggesting dual benefits in yield enhancement and emission reduction.</p>

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Combined application of 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) and exogenous water-soluble organic carbon synergistically increases maize yield and reduces yield-scaled N2O emissions under an 18% reduction in nitrogen input

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月16日

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  • Mingfu Gao,
  • Weichao Yang,
  • Dan Dong,
  • Zongwei Xia,
  • Hui Xu

摘要

Background and aims

Water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) is the most active component of soil organic carbon, yet its interaction with the nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) on soil nitrogen–carbon release and crop yield remains poorly studied.

Methods

A maize (Zea mays L.) field experiment investigated the effects of intermittent WSOC input and DMPP on maize growth, nitrogen fertilizer utilization, and greenhouse gas emissions. The bulk residue after evaporation (RAE), derived from vitamin C industrial fermentation and primarily consisting of natural organic acids secreted by microorganisms, was used as a source of WSOC.

Results

RAE alone (Urea + RAE) raised maize yield by 6.25–8.39%, enhanced soil microbial activity and heterotrophic metabolism. It increased gene abundances for ammonia oxidation (AOB-amoA) and denitrification (narG, nirS), temporarily elevated N2O and CO2 fluxes, but did not significantly increase cumulative emissions. The influence of RAE on methane emissions was negligible. RAE also boosted nifH (nitrogen-fixing) gene copies and soil nitrogen content. DMPP alone improved maize yield and nitrogen use efficiency. It strongly suppressed AOB-amoA gene copies, mitigated RAE-induced N2O emissions, and lowered CO2 release. The combined treatment (Urea + DMPP + RAE) synergistically enhanced nitrogen agronomic efficiency, partial factor productivity of nitrogen, and grain yield by 43.74%, 19.53%, and 20.01%, respectively, surpassing conventional high-nitrogen fertilization.

Conclusions

Despite using less fertilizer, the combined treatment produced higher yield than the high-nitrogen control (High-Urea). It also achieved the lowest yield-scaled N2O emissions and the highest entropy-weighted score, suggesting dual benefits in yield enhancement and emission reduction.