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Aims <p>Elevated tropospheric ozone (O<sub>3</sub>) concentrations and global warming represent critical environmental challenges; however, their combined impacts, particularly the indirect influences on methanogenesis in paddy soils, remain poorly understood.</p> Methods <p>To clarify how methanogenesis responds to elevated O<sub>3</sub> (1.5 × ambient) and warming (+ 2&#xa0;°C), we sampled surface (0–10&#xa0;cm) and subsurface (10–20&#xa0;cm) soils throughout two rice seasons in an O<sub>3</sub>-T-FACE (Free-Air Controlled Environment) platform and measured CH<sub>4</sub> production potential via anoxic incubation.</p> Results <p>The results showed that elevated O<sub>3</sub> levels increased the CH<sub>4</sub> production potential in surface soil by 22–836% compared to the control, whereas warming effects varied with the growth stage. Notably, their combined effects amplified CH<sub>4</sub> production potential in surface soils by 32–1214%, possibly owing to increases in initial dissolved organic carbon (DOC, 19–38%), microbial biomass carbon (MBC, 10–32%), methanogen abundance (28–97%), and DOC consumption during incubation (29–131%). In subsurface soils, elevated O<sub>3</sub> levels and warming individually enhanced CH<sub>4</sub> production potential by 5–38% and 4–101%, respectively, with their combined effect increasing it by 29–101%, linked to elevated methanogen abundance (4–290%) and DOC consumption (4–56%). Random forest and Partial Least Squares Path Modeling (PLS-PM) analyses collectively identified soil DOC concentration, DOC consumption, and CH<sub>4</sub> cycle-related microbial abundance as key determinants of methanogenesis across soil depths.</p> Conclusions <p>These results underscore the dual control of abiotic and biotic factors on methanogenesis under future O<sub>3</sub> and warming, revealing a “surface sensitivity-subsurface buffering” pattern in paddy-ecosystem responses to elevated O<sub>3</sub> and warming.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Combined Effects of Elevated Ozone and Warming on Methanogenesis in Paddy Soil Across Depths

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月4日

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  • Jinfeng Ma,
  • Yijia Zhang,
  • Yang Ji,
  • Yansen Xu,
  • Bo Shang,
  • Zhaozhong Feng

摘要

Aims

Elevated tropospheric ozone (O3) concentrations and global warming represent critical environmental challenges; however, their combined impacts, particularly the indirect influences on methanogenesis in paddy soils, remain poorly understood.

Methods

To clarify how methanogenesis responds to elevated O3 (1.5 × ambient) and warming (+ 2 °C), we sampled surface (0–10 cm) and subsurface (10–20 cm) soils throughout two rice seasons in an O3-T-FACE (Free-Air Controlled Environment) platform and measured CH4 production potential via anoxic incubation.

Results

The results showed that elevated O3 levels increased the CH4 production potential in surface soil by 22–836% compared to the control, whereas warming effects varied with the growth stage. Notably, their combined effects amplified CH4 production potential in surface soils by 32–1214%, possibly owing to increases in initial dissolved organic carbon (DOC, 19–38%), microbial biomass carbon (MBC, 10–32%), methanogen abundance (28–97%), and DOC consumption during incubation (29–131%). In subsurface soils, elevated O3 levels and warming individually enhanced CH4 production potential by 5–38% and 4–101%, respectively, with their combined effect increasing it by 29–101%, linked to elevated methanogen abundance (4–290%) and DOC consumption (4–56%). Random forest and Partial Least Squares Path Modeling (PLS-PM) analyses collectively identified soil DOC concentration, DOC consumption, and CH4 cycle-related microbial abundance as key determinants of methanogenesis across soil depths.

Conclusions

These results underscore the dual control of abiotic and biotic factors on methanogenesis under future O3 and warming, revealing a “surface sensitivity-subsurface buffering” pattern in paddy-ecosystem responses to elevated O3 and warming.

Graphical Abstract