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Background and aims <p>Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) as benefical microbes offer sustainable alternatives in agriculture. However, their inconsistent performance with time, under field conditions limits consistance colonization. This study aimed to enhance introduced PGPR persistence in soil, plant growth, and rhizosphere stability. The study developed slow release encapsulation method, as carrier to formulated bio fertilizer of <i>Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</i> KACC17029 and salicylic acid.</p> Methods <p>We evaluated liquid suspension, alginate beads, and perlite–alginate hybrid beads along with control. These were tested for structural stability and microbial viability under ambient (24&#xa0;°C) and refrigerated (4&#xa0;°C) storage. A greenhouse cucumber pot experiment assessed plant phenotypes. Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) quantified soil bacterial abundance in both strain and as a whole. Microbial community dynamics were analyzed through amplicon sequencing and intergrated both using quantitative microbiome profiling (QMP). Network analysis was used to assess microbial interactions.</p> Results <p>Perlite–alginate beads demonstrated high structural integrity and microbial viability over time. These treatments enhanced chlorophyll content, root length, and shoot biomass in cucumber. ddPCR revealed increasing <i>B. amyloliquefacience</i> abundance, maintained 92.7 copies/μL by Day 15. Perlite treatments showed significantly greater alpha diversity (<i>p</i> = 0.0196) and distinct beta diversity patterns (PERMANOVA R<sup>2</sup> = 0.421, <i>p</i> = 0.001). QMP revealed discrepancies between relative and absolute abundances, and network analysis indicated stronger microbial interactions under perlite encapsulation.</p> Conclusion <p>Perlite–alginate encapsulation supports microbial survival through time, improves plant performance, and boosts rhizosphere microbial structuring. These findings provide a mechanistic foundation for developing precision bioformulations specifically focused on mode of carrier, that effectively sustained in plant–soil systems over time.</p>

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Mechanistic insights into perlite–alginate encapsulation of bio fertilizer formulant: impacts on rhizosphere microbiome and cucumber growth

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月29日

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  • Sandamali Harshani Kumari Hathurusinghe,
  • Anushree Joshi,
  • Min-Ji Kim,
  • Jae-Ho Shin

摘要

Background and aims

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) as benefical microbes offer sustainable alternatives in agriculture. However, their inconsistent performance with time, under field conditions limits consistance colonization. This study aimed to enhance introduced PGPR persistence in soil, plant growth, and rhizosphere stability. The study developed slow release encapsulation method, as carrier to formulated bio fertilizer of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens KACC17029 and salicylic acid.

Methods

We evaluated liquid suspension, alginate beads, and perlite–alginate hybrid beads along with control. These were tested for structural stability and microbial viability under ambient (24 °C) and refrigerated (4 °C) storage. A greenhouse cucumber pot experiment assessed plant phenotypes. Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) quantified soil bacterial abundance in both strain and as a whole. Microbial community dynamics were analyzed through amplicon sequencing and intergrated both using quantitative microbiome profiling (QMP). Network analysis was used to assess microbial interactions.

Results

Perlite–alginate beads demonstrated high structural integrity and microbial viability over time. These treatments enhanced chlorophyll content, root length, and shoot biomass in cucumber. ddPCR revealed increasing B. amyloliquefacience abundance, maintained 92.7 copies/μL by Day 15. Perlite treatments showed significantly greater alpha diversity (p = 0.0196) and distinct beta diversity patterns (PERMANOVA R2 = 0.421, p = 0.001). QMP revealed discrepancies between relative and absolute abundances, and network analysis indicated stronger microbial interactions under perlite encapsulation.

Conclusion

Perlite–alginate encapsulation supports microbial survival through time, improves plant performance, and boosts rhizosphere microbial structuring. These findings provide a mechanistic foundation for developing precision bioformulations specifically focused on mode of carrier, that effectively sustained in plant–soil systems over time.