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Aims <p>Estuarine wetlands are critical organic carbon sinks, where Fe oxides bind with organic carbon to form Fe-bound organic carbon (Fe-OC), which plays an important role in carbon sequestration within these ecosystems. The conversion of natural estuarine wetlands into aquaculture ponds leads to notable changes in both the Fe content and the Fe-OC pool. The goal was to reveal the interactions among these bacteria, soil iron, and Fe-OC throughout the transformation process.</p> Methods <p>We analyzed three typical Chinese estuarine wetlands to investigate changes in Fe fractions, Fe-OC and Fe-related bacterial communities (Fe-oxidizing bacteria and Fe-reducing bacteria) during aquaculture pond conversion, along with their interrelationships.</p> Results <p>After land-use change, Fe-OC and the molar OC:Fe rations (OC:Fe) in all soil layers decreased significantly by over 54% and 49%, respectively, while the Fe crystalline ratio (the ratio of crystalline Fe oxides to free Fe oxide) increased significantly by more than 100% across all layers. Among the Fe fractions, amorphous Fe oxides (Fe<sub>o</sub>), complexed Fe oxides (Fe<sub>p</sub>), and Fe-OC were key factors regulating Fe-reducing bacteria (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01). In turn, those Fe-related bacteria affected the Fe cycle and the transformation of Fe oxides (mainly Fe<sub>o</sub> and Fe<sub>p</sub>), thereby influencing Fe-OC and OC:Fe.</p> Conclusions <p>The transformation process leads to Fe reduction, Fe<sub>p</sub> depletion, and Fe<sub>o</sub> crystallization, resulting in the loss of Fe-OC. To safeguard the carbon storage function of estuarine wetlands, it is essential to minimize wetland exploitation and implement strategies to curb Fe oxide loss and crystallization, thereby enhancing the stability of these critical carbon pools.</p>

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Aquaculture conversion triggers iron-driven organic carbon destabilization in Estuarine Wetlands

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月5日

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  • Junpeng Li,
  • Qingsong Zeng,
  • Shuling Tang,
  • Yingzi Wu,
  • Yi Zheng,
  • Weiqi Wang,
  • Peipei Xue,
  • Jordi Sardans,
  • Josep Peñuelas

摘要

Aims

Estuarine wetlands are critical organic carbon sinks, where Fe oxides bind with organic carbon to form Fe-bound organic carbon (Fe-OC), which plays an important role in carbon sequestration within these ecosystems. The conversion of natural estuarine wetlands into aquaculture ponds leads to notable changes in both the Fe content and the Fe-OC pool. The goal was to reveal the interactions among these bacteria, soil iron, and Fe-OC throughout the transformation process.

Methods

We analyzed three typical Chinese estuarine wetlands to investigate changes in Fe fractions, Fe-OC and Fe-related bacterial communities (Fe-oxidizing bacteria and Fe-reducing bacteria) during aquaculture pond conversion, along with their interrelationships.

Results

After land-use change, Fe-OC and the molar OC:Fe rations (OC:Fe) in all soil layers decreased significantly by over 54% and 49%, respectively, while the Fe crystalline ratio (the ratio of crystalline Fe oxides to free Fe oxide) increased significantly by more than 100% across all layers. Among the Fe fractions, amorphous Fe oxides (Feo), complexed Fe oxides (Fep), and Fe-OC were key factors regulating Fe-reducing bacteria (p < 0.01). In turn, those Fe-related bacteria affected the Fe cycle and the transformation of Fe oxides (mainly Feo and Fep), thereby influencing Fe-OC and OC:Fe.

Conclusions

The transformation process leads to Fe reduction, Fep depletion, and Feo crystallization, resulting in the loss of Fe-OC. To safeguard the carbon storage function of estuarine wetlands, it is essential to minimize wetland exploitation and implement strategies to curb Fe oxide loss and crystallization, thereby enhancing the stability of these critical carbon pools.