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Aims <p>Chlorpyrifos (CP) residues in vegetable crops and their persistence in the environment threatens agroecosystems and public health. The potential of pesticide-tolerant (PT) beneficial soil bacteria and silicon (Si) to enhance pesticide resilience in crops is recognized, but the precise role of Si in combination with PT-bacteria in mitigating CP stress in spinach (<i>Spinacia oleracea</i> L.) remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate CP phytotoxicity in spinach and assess the benefits of Si-mediated spinach–rhizobacteria interactions.</p> Methods <p>Spinach plants were exposed to CP (50 and 200&#xa0;µg CP kg⁻1 soil) with or without Si (1.0&#xa0;mM) and PT-rhizobacterium <i>Paenibacillus dendritiformis</i> SRB-9, applied alone/in combination. Growth, biomass, pigments, mineral acquisition, stress biomarkers, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, enzymatic antioxidant status, and gas exchange parameters were measured.</p> Results <p>CP exposure reduced growth, biomass, leaf pigments, nutrient uptake, and induced oxidative stress.</p> <p>The application of Si, SRB-9, and their combination increased root length by 18.1%, 28%, 37%; root biomass by 3.3%, 36.8%, 45.4%; leaf area by 13.8%, 21.1%, 28.2%; and carotenoids by 22.2%, 29.7%, 34.8%, respectively under 50&#xa0;µg CP kg⁻1 stress. Dual application improved intrinsic water use efficiency (IWUE), net photosynthetic rate (PN), stomatal conductance (gs), and intercellular CO<sub>2</sub> (Ci) by 42.5%, 37.8%, 41.4%, and 39.2%, respectively, and upregulated nutrient ion homeostasis. APX and CAT activities increased by up to 31.6% and 18.4%, respectively, under 200&#xa0;µg CP kg⁻1 soil.</p> Conclusions <p>Combined <i>P. dendritiformis</i> inoculation and Si supplementation mitigated CP-induced stress by enhancing physiological traits, gas exchange efficiency, nutrient balance, and antioxidant defense in spinach. This combinatorial approach offers a promising, sustainable strategy for pesticide stress management, warranting field validation and molecular-level investigation. This is, to our knowledge, the first report on Si–PGPR interaction mitigating CP toxicity in spinach, highlighting a sustainable bioremediation approach.</p>

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Paenibacillus dendritiformis and silicon synergism enhance spinach tolerance to chlorpyrifos via improved physiology, antioxidant defense, and ion homeostasis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月25日

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  • Mohammad Altaf,
  • Mohammad Shahid,
  • Udai B. Singh,
  • Shareen Niyazi

摘要

Aims

Chlorpyrifos (CP) residues in vegetable crops and their persistence in the environment threatens agroecosystems and public health. The potential of pesticide-tolerant (PT) beneficial soil bacteria and silicon (Si) to enhance pesticide resilience in crops is recognized, but the precise role of Si in combination with PT-bacteria in mitigating CP stress in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate CP phytotoxicity in spinach and assess the benefits of Si-mediated spinach–rhizobacteria interactions.

Methods

Spinach plants were exposed to CP (50 and 200 µg CP kg⁻1 soil) with or without Si (1.0 mM) and PT-rhizobacterium Paenibacillus dendritiformis SRB-9, applied alone/in combination. Growth, biomass, pigments, mineral acquisition, stress biomarkers, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, enzymatic antioxidant status, and gas exchange parameters were measured.

Results

CP exposure reduced growth, biomass, leaf pigments, nutrient uptake, and induced oxidative stress.

The application of Si, SRB-9, and their combination increased root length by 18.1%, 28%, 37%; root biomass by 3.3%, 36.8%, 45.4%; leaf area by 13.8%, 21.1%, 28.2%; and carotenoids by 22.2%, 29.7%, 34.8%, respectively under 50 µg CP kg⁻1 stress. Dual application improved intrinsic water use efficiency (IWUE), net photosynthetic rate (PN), stomatal conductance (gs), and intercellular CO2 (Ci) by 42.5%, 37.8%, 41.4%, and 39.2%, respectively, and upregulated nutrient ion homeostasis. APX and CAT activities increased by up to 31.6% and 18.4%, respectively, under 200 µg CP kg⁻1 soil.

Conclusions

Combined P. dendritiformis inoculation and Si supplementation mitigated CP-induced stress by enhancing physiological traits, gas exchange efficiency, nutrient balance, and antioxidant defense in spinach. This combinatorial approach offers a promising, sustainable strategy for pesticide stress management, warranting field validation and molecular-level investigation. This is, to our knowledge, the first report on Si–PGPR interaction mitigating CP toxicity in spinach, highlighting a sustainable bioremediation approach.