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Background and aims <p>Excessive nitrogen application on croplands can lead to excessive soil water consumption and diminishing yield returns, but reduced nitrogen input can also lead to yield reduction. Green manure can mitigate this shortfall of nitrogen, while also diminishing soil erosion and enhancing water storage. However, the complex interactions of green manure return, with reduced nitrogen fertilization, on water consumption, yield, and wheat production efficiency in dryland farming systems requires further investigation.</p> Methods <p>A field study was conducted from 2023 to 2024 in the semiarid tableland on Loess Plateau, where green manure was incorporated into the soil at full bloom stage. The green manures were villose vetch (<i>Vicia villosa,</i>) monoculture (V), sudangrass hybrid (<i>Sorghum bicolor</i> × <i>Sudanense</i>) monoculture (S), and villose vetch with sudangrass hybrid in 1:1 mixture (S + V) each with two return amounts (100% and 50% aboveground biomass of green manure, <i>i.e</i>. R<sub>100</sub> and R<sub>50</sub>) and three N application levels [180&#xa0;kg N ha<sup>−1</sup>(N<sub>180</sub>); 144&#xa0;kg N ha<sup>−1</sup> (N<sub>144</sub>); 108&#xa0;kg N ha<sup>−1</sup>, (N<sub>108</sub>)]. The conventional summer fallow practice with N<sub>180</sub> was used as a reference treatment (SF + N<sub>180</sub>).</p> Results <p>The results showed that, compared with SF + N<sub>180</sub>, 100% vetch return (VR<sub>100</sub>) combined with N<sub>180</sub> or N<sub>144</sub> increased wheat grain yield by 17% and 16%, respectively. While the green manure cultivation consumed more soil water during the summer fallow period, early mowing and mulching improved soil water conservation. Compared with S, both V and S + V under R<sub>100</sub> and N<sub>144</sub> significantly enhanced water use efficiency by 11% and 5%, respectively. However, S under R<sub>50</sub> with three nitrogen application levels averagely increased the net benefit by 96% compared to SF + N<sub>180</sub>, equivalent to an additional profit of 7087 CNY ha⁻<sup>1</sup>.</p> Conclusion <p>The substitution of summer fallow with green manure and reduced fertilizer input improved precipitation and water use efficiency, and stabilized wheat grain yield.</p>

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Green manure as an alternative to summer fallow enhanced water use efficiency and stabilized yield in winter wheat in the semi-arid Loess Plateau

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月28日

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  • Xue Zhang,
  • Shengxiang Zhang,
  • Dingding Xue,
  • Junjie Zhou,
  • Yinglong Chen,
  • Jairo A. Palta,
  • Zineb El Mouridi,
  • Bingcheng Xu

摘要

Background and aims

Excessive nitrogen application on croplands can lead to excessive soil water consumption and diminishing yield returns, but reduced nitrogen input can also lead to yield reduction. Green manure can mitigate this shortfall of nitrogen, while also diminishing soil erosion and enhancing water storage. However, the complex interactions of green manure return, with reduced nitrogen fertilization, on water consumption, yield, and wheat production efficiency in dryland farming systems requires further investigation.

Methods

A field study was conducted from 2023 to 2024 in the semiarid tableland on Loess Plateau, where green manure was incorporated into the soil at full bloom stage. The green manures were villose vetch (Vicia villosa,) monoculture (V), sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum bicolor × Sudanense) monoculture (S), and villose vetch with sudangrass hybrid in 1:1 mixture (S + V) each with two return amounts (100% and 50% aboveground biomass of green manure, i.e. R100 and R50) and three N application levels [180 kg N ha−1(N180); 144 kg N ha−1 (N144); 108 kg N ha−1, (N108)]. The conventional summer fallow practice with N180 was used as a reference treatment (SF + N180).

Results

The results showed that, compared with SF + N180, 100% vetch return (VR100) combined with N180 or N144 increased wheat grain yield by 17% and 16%, respectively. While the green manure cultivation consumed more soil water during the summer fallow period, early mowing and mulching improved soil water conservation. Compared with S, both V and S + V under R100 and N144 significantly enhanced water use efficiency by 11% and 5%, respectively. However, S under R50 with three nitrogen application levels averagely increased the net benefit by 96% compared to SF + N180, equivalent to an additional profit of 7087 CNY ha⁻1.

Conclusion

The substitution of summer fallow with green manure and reduced fertilizer input improved precipitation and water use efficiency, and stabilized wheat grain yield.