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Background and aims <p>Environmental factors provide essential conditions for the growth of blood oranges and are closely linked to fruit quality. However, the underlying interactions among these factors remain poorly understood. We examine how environmental variables affect the external (single fruit weight, transverse diameter) and internal quality (TSS/TA, vitamin C, anthocyanin) of blood oranges in southern China's hilly regions.</p> Methods <p>Random Forest (RF) and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) were used to identify key environmental variables and analyze their direct and indirect effects on fruit quality.</p> Results <p>Blood oranges met premium-grade standards, with high TSS/TA and Vitamin C levels, and anthocyanin levels slightly higher than those from other regions. RF and PLS-SEM explained over 70% of quality variation. External quality and anthocyanin were mainly influenced by soil &gt; spectral features &gt; topography &gt; climate; internal quality by spectral features &gt; soil &gt; climate &gt; topography. Soil properties had the strongest total effect on fruit quality (β = -0.522, p &lt; 0.05). In contrast, climate exerted a significant positive influence (β = 0.427, p &lt; 0.01).</p> Conclusions <p>Soil Ca, S, elevation, blue band, NDVI and sunshine duration were key factors affecting blood orange fruit quality. Spectral features were primarily influenced by soil, topography and climate, reflecting the impact of environmental factors on quality. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing blood orange cultivation and enhancing quality standards.</p>

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Evaluation of environmental factors influencing blood orange (Citrus sinensis cv. Tarocco) fruit quality using random forest and PLS-SEM

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月19日

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  • Muyun Zhou,
  • Wei Wu,
  • Hongbin Liu

摘要

Background and aims

Environmental factors provide essential conditions for the growth of blood oranges and are closely linked to fruit quality. However, the underlying interactions among these factors remain poorly understood. We examine how environmental variables affect the external (single fruit weight, transverse diameter) and internal quality (TSS/TA, vitamin C, anthocyanin) of blood oranges in southern China's hilly regions.

Methods

Random Forest (RF) and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) were used to identify key environmental variables and analyze their direct and indirect effects on fruit quality.

Results

Blood oranges met premium-grade standards, with high TSS/TA and Vitamin C levels, and anthocyanin levels slightly higher than those from other regions. RF and PLS-SEM explained over 70% of quality variation. External quality and anthocyanin were mainly influenced by soil > spectral features > topography > climate; internal quality by spectral features > soil > climate > topography. Soil properties had the strongest total effect on fruit quality (β = -0.522, p < 0.05). In contrast, climate exerted a significant positive influence (β = 0.427, p < 0.01).

Conclusions

Soil Ca, S, elevation, blue band, NDVI and sunshine duration were key factors affecting blood orange fruit quality. Spectral features were primarily influenced by soil, topography and climate, reflecting the impact of environmental factors on quality. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing blood orange cultivation and enhancing quality standards.