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Aims <p>This study evaluated the adaptation pattern (i.e., resistance vs. resilience) of C<sub>3&#xa0;</sub>plants and C<sub>4</sub>&#xa0;plants to dry and wet climate extremes in the Banni Grassland from 1987 to 2022, with a particular focus on the influence of the invasive species <i>Neltuma juliflora.</i></p> Methods <p>This study combined Landsat-derived NDVI and SPI data for a period of 1987–2022 to assess interactions between vegetation and climate in the Banni Grassland. The NDVI was used to capture vegetation greenness, and the SPI to represent rainfall variability. Vegetation dynamics were quantified using resistance and resilience metrics, supported by trend analysis, non-parametric tests, causal inference, and sensitivity analyses.</p> Results <p>Correlation analysis shows significant positive NDVI–SPI associations for C<sub>4</sub>&#xa0;plants (grasses). C<sub>3&#xa0;</sub>plants (<i>Acacia and N. juliflora</i>) show greater resistance during dry events, while C<sub>4</sub>&#xa0;plants suffered larger declines but rebounded faster (greater resilience). Under wet extremes, C<sub>3&#xa0;</sub>plants often maintained canopy (high initial resistance) but showed limited subsequent gains, whereas grasses exhibited consistently low resilience in prolonged wet periods.</p> Conclusions <p>This study highlights that the vegetation dynamics of the&#xa0;Banni Grassland depend not only on climate variability but also on vegetation type. The rainfall variability determines immediate resistance, while long-term resilience relies on maintaining a balanced native woody-grass vegetation cover. The invasion of species like <i>N. juliflora</i>&#xa0;may temporarily stabilize greenness during dry periods, but risks shrubland conversion. These insights will help management to identify pathways to sustain ecosystem resilience under intensifying climate extremes<b>.</b></p>

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Resistance or Resilience? Different Adaptation Patterns of Native and Invasive Plants to Climatic Extremes in the Banni Grassland

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月29日

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  • Nikita Vijay,
  • M. R. Resmi

摘要

Aims

This study evaluated the adaptation pattern (i.e., resistance vs. resilience) of C3 plants and C4 plants to dry and wet climate extremes in the Banni Grassland from 1987 to 2022, with a particular focus on the influence of the invasive species Neltuma juliflora.

Methods

This study combined Landsat-derived NDVI and SPI data for a period of 1987–2022 to assess interactions between vegetation and climate in the Banni Grassland. The NDVI was used to capture vegetation greenness, and the SPI to represent rainfall variability. Vegetation dynamics were quantified using resistance and resilience metrics, supported by trend analysis, non-parametric tests, causal inference, and sensitivity analyses.

Results

Correlation analysis shows significant positive NDVI–SPI associations for C4 plants (grasses). C3 plants (Acacia and N. juliflora) show greater resistance during dry events, while C4 plants suffered larger declines but rebounded faster (greater resilience). Under wet extremes, C3 plants often maintained canopy (high initial resistance) but showed limited subsequent gains, whereas grasses exhibited consistently low resilience in prolonged wet periods.

Conclusions

This study highlights that the vegetation dynamics of the Banni Grassland depend not only on climate variability but also on vegetation type. The rainfall variability determines immediate resistance, while long-term resilience relies on maintaining a balanced native woody-grass vegetation cover. The invasion of species like N. juliflora may temporarily stabilize greenness during dry periods, but risks shrubland conversion. These insights will help management to identify pathways to sustain ecosystem resilience under intensifying climate extremes.