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Background <p>Excessive nitrogen (N) fertilizer use in the rice–wheat cropping system (RWCS) leads to environmental degradation, N pollution, and low nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Significant N losses occur through leaching, volatilization, and runoff, negatively affecting water bodies, soil health, and contributing to greenhouse gas emissions. Addressing these challenges requires sustainable N management strategies to enhance NUE while minimizing environmental harm.</p> Scope <p>This review compiles research on N pollution, its effects—including groundwater contamination, eutrophication, and biodiversity loss—and effective management strategies. It examines case studies from major RWCS regions, highlighting best fertilizer management practices, integrated nutrient management, precision agriculture, and enhanced efficiency fertilizers. Despite the benefits of these approaches, adoption is hindered by financial constraints, lack of education and training, inadequate infrastructure, and weak policy support. An integrated approach that incorporates ecological modeling with farmer participation is essential for improving decision-making in sustainable N management.</p> Conclusion <p>To enhance NUE and mitigate environmental impacts, future efforts should focus on expanding education programs, offering economic incentives, and strengthening policies. A multi-pronged strategy involving researchers, policymakers, and farmers is crucial for implementing best practices. By addressing adoption barriers and reinforcing sustainable strategies, NUE can be improved while ensuring long-term agricultural productivity and environmental sustainability.</p>

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Nitrogen pollution and management in rice–wheat cropping system

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月26日

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  • Abdul Rehman,
  • Ahmad Nawaz,
  • Muhammad Islam,
  • Fasih Ullah Haider,
  • Muhammad Farooq

摘要

Background

Excessive nitrogen (N) fertilizer use in the rice–wheat cropping system (RWCS) leads to environmental degradation, N pollution, and low nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Significant N losses occur through leaching, volatilization, and runoff, negatively affecting water bodies, soil health, and contributing to greenhouse gas emissions. Addressing these challenges requires sustainable N management strategies to enhance NUE while minimizing environmental harm.

Scope

This review compiles research on N pollution, its effects—including groundwater contamination, eutrophication, and biodiversity loss—and effective management strategies. It examines case studies from major RWCS regions, highlighting best fertilizer management practices, integrated nutrient management, precision agriculture, and enhanced efficiency fertilizers. Despite the benefits of these approaches, adoption is hindered by financial constraints, lack of education and training, inadequate infrastructure, and weak policy support. An integrated approach that incorporates ecological modeling with farmer participation is essential for improving decision-making in sustainable N management.

Conclusion

To enhance NUE and mitigate environmental impacts, future efforts should focus on expanding education programs, offering economic incentives, and strengthening policies. A multi-pronged strategy involving researchers, policymakers, and farmers is crucial for implementing best practices. By addressing adoption barriers and reinforcing sustainable strategies, NUE can be improved while ensuring long-term agricultural productivity and environmental sustainability.