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Background &amp; Aims <p>Soil salinization represents a significant abiotic stressor that threatens global agricultural sustainability. Its pronounced spatiotemporal&#xa0;heterogeneity poses substantial challenges to understanding plant salt tolerance mechanisms and developing salt-tolerant cultivars.&#xa0;This review systematically reviews the causes, spatiotemporal distribution patterns, and driving mechanisms of soil salinity&#xa0;heterogeneity. It highlights plant physiological and molecular adaptation strategies under heterogeneous salinity stress and outlines&#xa0;current research gaps and future perspectives.</p> Methods <p>This review synthesizes multidisciplinary evidence from physiological processes, ion transport dynamics, photosynthetic&#xa0;performance, and transcriptomic responses to evaluate recent progress in elucidating plant adaptive responses to heterogeneous&#xa0;salinity stress, particularly emphasizing studies utilizing split-root experimental designs.</p> Results <p>Under heterogeneous salinity stress, plants deploy several key adaptive strategies: roots in low-salinity zones exhibit compensatory&#xa0;growth and enhanced water uptake to sustain whole-plant water balance; ion toxicity is alleviated via compartmentalization and inter-root&#xa0;translocation; and shoot biomass accumulation is maintained through stomatal regulation and optimized photosynthetic&#xa0;efficiency. These processes are mediated by critical genes (e.g., PIPs, NCED) and MAPK signaling pathways. However, current&#xa0;research remains largely confined to physiological responses, with insufficient attention to root anatomical plasticity, integrated&#xa0;multi-omics&#xa0;regulatory networks, and interactions with rhizosphere microbiota.</p> Conclusion <p>Future research should integrate multidimensional gradient modeling, field-based verification, and integrative multi-omics approaches&#xa0;to elucidate the “local sacrifice–whole-plant benefit” strategy and construct dose–response models. These efforts will provide a&#xa0;scientific basis for breeding salt-tolerant cultivars and reclaiming saline-alkaline soils.</p>

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Plant survival strategies under heterogeneous salt stress: remodeling of root architecture, ion dynamic balance, and coordination of metabolic homeostasis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月5日

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  • Minghui Zhang,
  • Menghan Pan,
  • Hongjiao Li,
  • Bingxiang Liu,
  • Shenqi Qiao,
  • ChangMing Ma,
  • Hongxiang Mu,
  • Wenhao Zhao,
  • Jinyu Guo

摘要

Background & Aims

Soil salinization represents a significant abiotic stressor that threatens global agricultural sustainability. Its pronounced spatiotemporal heterogeneity poses substantial challenges to understanding plant salt tolerance mechanisms and developing salt-tolerant cultivars. This review systematically reviews the causes, spatiotemporal distribution patterns, and driving mechanisms of soil salinity heterogeneity. It highlights plant physiological and molecular adaptation strategies under heterogeneous salinity stress and outlines current research gaps and future perspectives.

Methods

This review synthesizes multidisciplinary evidence from physiological processes, ion transport dynamics, photosynthetic performance, and transcriptomic responses to evaluate recent progress in elucidating plant adaptive responses to heterogeneous salinity stress, particularly emphasizing studies utilizing split-root experimental designs.

Results

Under heterogeneous salinity stress, plants deploy several key adaptive strategies: roots in low-salinity zones exhibit compensatory growth and enhanced water uptake to sustain whole-plant water balance; ion toxicity is alleviated via compartmentalization and inter-root translocation; and shoot biomass accumulation is maintained through stomatal regulation and optimized photosynthetic efficiency. These processes are mediated by critical genes (e.g., PIPs, NCED) and MAPK signaling pathways. However, current research remains largely confined to physiological responses, with insufficient attention to root anatomical plasticity, integrated multi-omics regulatory networks, and interactions with rhizosphere microbiota.

Conclusion

Future research should integrate multidimensional gradient modeling, field-based verification, and integrative multi-omics approaches to elucidate the “local sacrifice–whole-plant benefit” strategy and construct dose–response models. These efforts will provide a scientific basis for breeding salt-tolerant cultivars and reclaiming saline-alkaline soils.