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Background and aims <p>Climate change-induced increases in precipitation frequency and intensity have aggravated the severity of waterlogging stress, projected to worsen in the near future, threatening food and nutritional security. Studying its impact on sensitive legume crops and mitigation strategies is essential to achieving global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).</p> Methods <p>Two year study (2022–2023) investigated the impact of waterlogging durations (3 and 5&#xa0;days) at two growth stages of cowpea (25 Days After Emergence; DAE and 50% flowering) followed by mitigation strategies [(foliar application of nitrogen; N as urea at 2%, and ammonium nitrate at 2%) and phytohormones (Indole-3-butyric acid at 50&#xa0;ppm, and 6-Benzylaminopurine at 100&#xa0;ppm)].</p> Results <p>Waterlogging stress significantly reduced photosystem II activity (3.75–6.25%) and protein content (11.33–23.44%) in cowpea while increasing catalase and peroxidase activities across durations and growth stages. The maximum growth and yield reduction (26.54%) occurred with 5&#xa0;days of waterlogging at the 50% flowering stage. Among mitigation strategies, foliar urea spray enhanced canopy greenness, photosystem II activity (4.00%), enzymatic antioxidant defense, and protein content (18.96%) compared to stressed plants. Consequently, the highest grain yield (1148&#xa0;kg&#xa0;ha<sup>–1</sup>), stress tolerance index, and yield stability were observed. Regarding interactions, urea spray on plants waterlogged for 3&#xa0;days at 25 DAE (urea × 25 DAE × 3&#xa0;days) maintained superior yield attributes, improving stress recovery.</p> Conclusion <p>Foliar supplementation of N through urea and phytohormones mitigated the adverse effects of transient waterlogging by enhancing stress tolerance and post-stress recovery in cowpea, thus addressing the SDGs.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Waterlogging stress mitigation in cowpea: leveraging the potential of foliar spray of nitrogen and phytohormones for improved resilience

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月30日

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  • E. Senthamil,
  • S. S. Angadi,
  • Hanamant M. Halli,
  • S. R. Salakinkop,
  • M. B. Doddamani,
  • S. S. Gundlur,
  • Vinay M. Gangana Gowdra,
  • P. S. Basavaraj,
  • C. B. Harisha,
  • K. M. Boraiah,
  • Sandeep B. Adavi,
  • K. Sammi Reddy,
  • Shivanand N. Honnali,
  • Yogesh G. Ban

摘要

Background and aims

Climate change-induced increases in precipitation frequency and intensity have aggravated the severity of waterlogging stress, projected to worsen in the near future, threatening food and nutritional security. Studying its impact on sensitive legume crops and mitigation strategies is essential to achieving global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Methods

Two year study (2022–2023) investigated the impact of waterlogging durations (3 and 5 days) at two growth stages of cowpea (25 Days After Emergence; DAE and 50% flowering) followed by mitigation strategies [(foliar application of nitrogen; N as urea at 2%, and ammonium nitrate at 2%) and phytohormones (Indole-3-butyric acid at 50 ppm, and 6-Benzylaminopurine at 100 ppm)].

Results

Waterlogging stress significantly reduced photosystem II activity (3.75–6.25%) and protein content (11.33–23.44%) in cowpea while increasing catalase and peroxidase activities across durations and growth stages. The maximum growth and yield reduction (26.54%) occurred with 5 days of waterlogging at the 50% flowering stage. Among mitigation strategies, foliar urea spray enhanced canopy greenness, photosystem II activity (4.00%), enzymatic antioxidant defense, and protein content (18.96%) compared to stressed plants. Consequently, the highest grain yield (1148 kg ha–1), stress tolerance index, and yield stability were observed. Regarding interactions, urea spray on plants waterlogged for 3 days at 25 DAE (urea × 25 DAE × 3 days) maintained superior yield attributes, improving stress recovery.

Conclusion

Foliar supplementation of N through urea and phytohormones mitigated the adverse effects of transient waterlogging by enhancing stress tolerance and post-stress recovery in cowpea, thus addressing the SDGs.

Graphical abstract