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Background and Aims <p>Climate change has significantly influenced stand density of forest (SDF) and carbon storage in soils and tree biomass, intensifying these effects over the past four decades. To predict future changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) and carbon content of tree biomass (CTB), we conducted a space-for-time substitution study across a climatic gradient in sessile oak forests.</p> Methods <p>Based on long-term climate data, we studied 33 zonal sessile oak sites in Hungary categorized into three climatic groups (humid, meso, and dry). SOC content, bulk density, CTB and SDF were measured. The vegetation and topographical characteristics of the sites were consistent across sites although precipitation varied among the climate groups.</p> Results <p>Aboveground CTB accounted for 61% of total organic carbon (TOC) in humid forests, 48% in meso forests, and 37% in dry forests, while SOC represented 18%, 31%, and 44% of TOC, respectively. TOC was similar in humid and dry forests (413 and 420&#xa0;Mg C·ha⁻<sup>1</sup>), but significantly lower in meso forests. Over the last 50&#xa0;years, average annual temperatures have risen by more than 1.5&#xa0;°C, and summer temperatures have increased by over 2.2&#xa0;°C. Along the precipitation gradient, drier climates shifted carbon reserves toward soils, resulting in higher SOC but lower CTB in dry forests compared to humid ones.</p> Conclusion <p>Biomass decreases faster than SOC accumulation during the transition from humid to dry forests, and therefore TOC in meso forests is lower than in humid and dry forests. Over longer periods, reduced tree biomass due to drier conditions is offset by increased SOC, demonstrating a balancing effect. Understanding the reciprocal effects of climate, forests, and soils is essential for predicting ecosystem carbon storage responses to climate change.</p>

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Changes in tree biomass and soil carbon pools of oak ecosystems along a climate gradient in a Central European region

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月28日

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  • István Fekete,
  • Imre Berki,
  • Kate Lajtha,
  • Áron Béni,
  • Norbert Móricz,
  • Gábor Várbíró,
  • Balázs Madarász,
  • Tamás Horváth,
  • Katalin Juhos,
  • Zsolt Kotroczó

摘要

Background and Aims

Climate change has significantly influenced stand density of forest (SDF) and carbon storage in soils and tree biomass, intensifying these effects over the past four decades. To predict future changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) and carbon content of tree biomass (CTB), we conducted a space-for-time substitution study across a climatic gradient in sessile oak forests.

Methods

Based on long-term climate data, we studied 33 zonal sessile oak sites in Hungary categorized into three climatic groups (humid, meso, and dry). SOC content, bulk density, CTB and SDF were measured. The vegetation and topographical characteristics of the sites were consistent across sites although precipitation varied among the climate groups.

Results

Aboveground CTB accounted for 61% of total organic carbon (TOC) in humid forests, 48% in meso forests, and 37% in dry forests, while SOC represented 18%, 31%, and 44% of TOC, respectively. TOC was similar in humid and dry forests (413 and 420 Mg C·ha⁻1), but significantly lower in meso forests. Over the last 50 years, average annual temperatures have risen by more than 1.5 °C, and summer temperatures have increased by over 2.2 °C. Along the precipitation gradient, drier climates shifted carbon reserves toward soils, resulting in higher SOC but lower CTB in dry forests compared to humid ones.

Conclusion

Biomass decreases faster than SOC accumulation during the transition from humid to dry forests, and therefore TOC in meso forests is lower than in humid and dry forests. Over longer periods, reduced tree biomass due to drier conditions is offset by increased SOC, demonstrating a balancing effect. Understanding the reciprocal effects of climate, forests, and soils is essential for predicting ecosystem carbon storage responses to climate change.