Background and aims <p>Global environmental pressures are escalating, posing significant challenges to plant survival. The rhizosphere microbiome possesses the potential to enhance root growth and improve plant resilience under stress conditions. This review explores the structure and function of the rhizosphere microbiome, examining how these root-associated microbes respond to plant root exudates under environmental stress and contribute to the regulation of plant stress resistance. The article further emphasizes the impact of soil properties, plant genotype, and environmental factors on the composition of the rhizosphere microbiome. Finally, the review proposes strategies for optimizing the structure of the rhizosphere microbiome through soil management, modulation of plant root exudates, application of microbial probiotics, and utilization of crop wild relatives, thereby enhancing the adaptability of plants to adversity.</p> Conclusion <p>The article underscores the importance of in-depth research into the mechanisms of plant-microbiome interactions and highlights future research directions, including the effects of multiple microbial strain combinations on plant stress resistance, the influence of changes in the composition of rhizosphere microbes on plant gene expression, and how microbes and plant genes work in concert to regulate plant stress resistance.</p>