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Background <p>Hypoglycaemia stimulates growth hormone (GH) secretion, whereas hyperglycaemia suppresses it. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood, particularly the potential role of gut-derived hormones released in response to oral glucose.</p> Aim <p>To investigate whether GH suppression is modulated by the route of glucose administration.</p> Methods <p>A two-day intervention study in healthy volunteers. GH, insulin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) responses during a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were compared with those during a 2-h isoglycaemic intravenous (IV) glucose infusion. GH levels were analyzed using paired t-test of GH concentrations at every blood sample time point. The effect of intervention on all measured hormones were also assessed by paired t-test of Area Under the Curve (AUC).</p> Results <p>12 healthy volunteers (6 females, mean age 47.9 ± 5.4&#xa0;years) were included. In 9 of the 12 subjects, IV glucose induced an early peak in plasma-GH followed by a decrease. At 20&#xa0;min after glucose intake GH levels increased by 46% during IV glucose compared to a decrease of 17% during oral glucose. The biggest numerically difference in GH between oral vs IV glucose was seen at 45&#xa0;min (median [range], 0.30 [0.05–1.13] vs. 0.46 [0.05–9.82] µg/l, p = 0.072). There was no difference between AUC of GH levels (p = 0.381). During IV glucose, two subjects did not reach the threshold for excluding acromegaly. Oral glucose showed significant increases compared to IV glucose for insulin (p &lt; 0.001), GLP-1 (p = 0.002) and GIP (p &lt; 0.001) when using paired t-test of AUC.</p> Conclusions <p>Route of glucose exposure might influence the suppressive effect of glucose on GH secretion. This finding suggests that stimulation of other hormone systems may play a contributing role on the regulation of GH. The potential mechanism behind remains elusive but changes in gut-derived hormones might be of importance.</p>

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Comparison of oral versus intravenous glucose exposure on plasma growth hormone levels: a crossover study in healthy volunteers

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月12日

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  • Anna Katarina Vinten,
  • Nanna Thurmann Jørgensen,
  • Esben Budtz-Jørgensen,
  • Marianne Klose,
  • Mikkel Andreassen

摘要

Background

Hypoglycaemia stimulates growth hormone (GH) secretion, whereas hyperglycaemia suppresses it. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood, particularly the potential role of gut-derived hormones released in response to oral glucose.

Aim

To investigate whether GH suppression is modulated by the route of glucose administration.

Methods

A two-day intervention study in healthy volunteers. GH, insulin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) responses during a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were compared with those during a 2-h isoglycaemic intravenous (IV) glucose infusion. GH levels were analyzed using paired t-test of GH concentrations at every blood sample time point. The effect of intervention on all measured hormones were also assessed by paired t-test of Area Under the Curve (AUC).

Results

12 healthy volunteers (6 females, mean age 47.9 ± 5.4 years) were included. In 9 of the 12 subjects, IV glucose induced an early peak in plasma-GH followed by a decrease. At 20 min after glucose intake GH levels increased by 46% during IV glucose compared to a decrease of 17% during oral glucose. The biggest numerically difference in GH between oral vs IV glucose was seen at 45 min (median [range], 0.30 [0.05–1.13] vs. 0.46 [0.05–9.82] µg/l, p = 0.072). There was no difference between AUC of GH levels (p = 0.381). During IV glucose, two subjects did not reach the threshold for excluding acromegaly. Oral glucose showed significant increases compared to IV glucose for insulin (p < 0.001), GLP-1 (p = 0.002) and GIP (p < 0.001) when using paired t-test of AUC.

Conclusions

Route of glucose exposure might influence the suppressive effect of glucose on GH secretion. This finding suggests that stimulation of other hormone systems may play a contributing role on the regulation of GH. The potential mechanism behind remains elusive but changes in gut-derived hormones might be of importance.