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Introduction <p>X-linked acrogigantism (X-LAG; OMIM: 300942) is a rare X-linked dominant, fully penetrant form of infancy-onset pituitary gigantism caused by Xq26.3 tandem duplications involving the <i>GPR101</i> gene. All previously reported X-LAG-associated duplications disrupt the integrity of the resident topologically associating domain (TAD). This creates a neo-TAD, permitting ectopic chromatin interactions between <i>GPR101</i> and centromeric pituitary enhancers postulated to lie between <i>RBMX</i> and <i>VGLL1</i>, and culminating in pituitary <i>GPR101</i> misexpression and growth hormone excess. Conversely, none of the few previously reported cases of Xq26.3 duplications in unaffected individuals include the tissue-invariant TAD border that shields <i>GPR101</i> from its centromeric enhancers. Preservation of this boundary has thus been considered synonymous with non-penetrance of X-LAG.</p> Methods <p>We examined a series of four family members from the same kindred with an incidentally detected <i>GPR101</i>-containing Xq26.3 duplication involving the invariant TAD border.</p> Results <p>Chromosome microarray demonstrated an interstitial chromosome Xq26.3 duplication: arr[GRCh37] Xq26.3(135,954,223 − 136,224,319)x2, including <i>GPR101</i>, the TAD invariant border and <i>RBMX</i>, but not <i>VGLL1</i>. None of the relatives with the Xq26.3 duplication exhibited evidence of growth hormone excess, making this the first unaffected family with a <i>GPR101</i>-containing Xq26.3 duplication involving the invariant TAD border. The predicted neo-TAD in this kindred excludes the <i>VGLL1</i> region, which is present in all previously described X-LAG patients and absent in all previously described unaffected individuals with Xq26.3 duplications.</p> Conclusion <p>Our clinical findings suggest that TAD border involvement is not sufficient for X-LAG to develop, and implicates the <i>VGLL1</i> region as likely the sole pituitary enhancer responsible for <i>GPR101</i> misexpression and the X-LAG phenotype. Pending corroborative studies, this new insight into X-LAG pathogenesis may guide interpretation of future Xq26.3 duplications and counselling of families in whom such duplications are found.</p>

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Non-penetrant Xq26.3 duplication involving the invariant TAD border: clinical evidence for the VGLL1 region as the GPR101 pituitary enhancer of X-linked acrogigantism

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月20日

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  • Cathie Hilditch,
  • Samuel Curtis,
  • Samuel Cotton,
  • Shannon LeBlanc,
  • Sunita De Sousa

摘要

Introduction

X-linked acrogigantism (X-LAG; OMIM: 300942) is a rare X-linked dominant, fully penetrant form of infancy-onset pituitary gigantism caused by Xq26.3 tandem duplications involving the GPR101 gene. All previously reported X-LAG-associated duplications disrupt the integrity of the resident topologically associating domain (TAD). This creates a neo-TAD, permitting ectopic chromatin interactions between GPR101 and centromeric pituitary enhancers postulated to lie between RBMX and VGLL1, and culminating in pituitary GPR101 misexpression and growth hormone excess. Conversely, none of the few previously reported cases of Xq26.3 duplications in unaffected individuals include the tissue-invariant TAD border that shields GPR101 from its centromeric enhancers. Preservation of this boundary has thus been considered synonymous with non-penetrance of X-LAG.

Methods

We examined a series of four family members from the same kindred with an incidentally detected GPR101-containing Xq26.3 duplication involving the invariant TAD border.

Results

Chromosome microarray demonstrated an interstitial chromosome Xq26.3 duplication: arr[GRCh37] Xq26.3(135,954,223 − 136,224,319)x2, including GPR101, the TAD invariant border and RBMX, but not VGLL1. None of the relatives with the Xq26.3 duplication exhibited evidence of growth hormone excess, making this the first unaffected family with a GPR101-containing Xq26.3 duplication involving the invariant TAD border. The predicted neo-TAD in this kindred excludes the VGLL1 region, which is present in all previously described X-LAG patients and absent in all previously described unaffected individuals with Xq26.3 duplications.

Conclusion

Our clinical findings suggest that TAD border involvement is not sufficient for X-LAG to develop, and implicates the VGLL1 region as likely the sole pituitary enhancer responsible for GPR101 misexpression and the X-LAG phenotype. Pending corroborative studies, this new insight into X-LAG pathogenesis may guide interpretation of future Xq26.3 duplications and counselling of families in whom such duplications are found.