<p><i>Dalbergia sissoo</i> (<i>Fabaceae</i>) is a traditionally significant plant, renowned for its diverse secondary metabolites and wide-ranging pharmacological properties. This review comprehensively outlines the chemical constituents, traditional uses, and biological activities of <i>Dalbergia sissoo</i>, focusing on key phytochemicals such as flavonoids, terpenoids, sterols, and coumarins. Specific examples include the anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects of its flavonoids, as well as the potential of its biomass-based compounds in heavy metal and dyes adsorption for wastewater treatment. The multifaceted profile of plant highlights its promise as a source of novel pharmacological agents and eco-friendly materials for water remediation. By combining current knowledge, this review underscores the potential of <i>Dalbergia sissoo</i> in addressing both health and environmental challenges, paving the way for future research and applications.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>