<p><i>Eugenia involucrata</i> (Myrtaceae) is an underutilized Brazilian fruit native to the Atlantic Forest. A systematic review was conducted to compile information on the phytochemical composition and therapeutic applications of <i>E. involucrata</i> and its synonyms. Twenty-seven papers were elected, with recurrent themes: phytochemistry (<i>n</i> = 25), antioxidant activity (<i>n</i> = 13), phenolic compounds (<i>n</i> = 12), and antimicrobial activity (<i>n</i> = 7). A total of 184 secondary metabolites were identified, with terpenoids and phenolic compounds, particularly flavonoids, being the most abundant. Leaves were the most studied part, with 109 phytochemicals identified, followed by fruits (<i>n</i> = 72), seeds (<i>n</i> = 21), fruit peel (<i>n</i> = 18) and bark (<i>n</i> = 5). The essential oil from the leaves contained predominantly sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons and oxygenated hydrocarbons, with no monoterpenes detected. Spathulenol, <i>β</i>-caryophyllene and bicyclogermacrene were the prominent compounds in the leaves, while cyanidin and delphinidin derivatives predominated in the fruits. Epicatechin and ellagic acid were notable and recurring compounds found in both fruits and leaves. Fruits, peel, seeds, and leaves showed high antioxidant activity. Antimicrobial activity was observed in leaves, fruit, barks and root. Anti-inflammatory properties were observed in leaves and fruits. Antitumor potential was present in the leaves, seeds and fruits. Additionally, leaf extract and leaf essential oil showed gastroprotective, insecticidal and antinociceptive properties. Further research is needed to explore untapped pharmacological applications and to elucidate the compounds and synergies responsible for the reported therapeutic effects.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>