Phytochemical diversity and therapeutic potential of the Boesenbergia genus: a comprehensive review

Boesenbergia is a genus in the ginger family comprising approximately 97 species, primarily found in tropical Asia, including Thailand, Malaysia, and the Philippines. These plants are known for their large, fleshy rhizomes, which are widely used in traditional medicine to treat ailments such as gastrointestinal disorders, inflammation, and respiratory infections. Despite the genus's diversity, only a few species, notably B. pandurata and its synonym B. rotunda, have been extensively studied. These species are rich in bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, chalcones, and diterpenes, and have shown significant bioactivities such as anticancer, anti-HIV-1, anti-dengue, and anti-SARS-CoV-2 effects. However, there are still significant gaps in understanding the full therapeutic potential of Boesenbergia species. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the chemical constituents and biological activities of Boesenbergia species, highlighting their potential therapeutic applications, significance in traditional medicine, and ethnomedicinal value. Further research is essential to fully explore and harness the medicinal potential of this genus.