Polyphenols and terpenoids derived from Ocimum species as prospective hepatoprotective drug leads: a comprehensive mechanistic review

The hepatic regulatory role in metabolism involves exposure to a diverse array of xenobiotic compounds leading to the potential accumulation of harmful toxins and subsequent manifestation of hepatic conditions such as steatosis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. Herbs as part of culinary and traditional uses have demonstrated therapeutic effects against such conditions. Predominant among the dietary constituents are polyphenols and terpenoids, which are known for their liver-protective efficacies. Evident from their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and modulation of antioxidant enzymes this class of phytochemicals regulates pivotal liver biomarkers. Ocimum species, notably Tulsi, are recognized for their abundant repertoire of terpenoids and polyphenols. From time immemorial, owing to its diverse biological properties, the Ocimum species has made its way into our culinary habits and traditions. Clinical findings have indicated the beneficial effects of Ocimum sanctum on the biochemical parameters of the liver in young overweight/obese subjects. However, despite several pre-clinical, and clinical studies elucidating the hepatoprotective potential of Ocimum species, a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying the actions of phenolic and terpenoid phytoconstituents is lacking till date. Consequently, targeted molecular therapies involving Ocimum species are yet to be developed. Thus, this mechanistic review was aimed at elucidating the intricate molecular pathways through which polyphenols and terpenoids derived from Ocimum species exert their hepatoprotective effects. By correlating these molecular mechanisms, insights into the hepatoprotective abilities of polyphenols and terpenoids found in Ocimum species were provided, which may pave the way for potential targeted therapeutic interventions.