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<p>The use of sunscreen is essential to protect the skin from the acute and chronic effects of UV rays. This study was aimed at investigating <i>in vitro</i> evaluation of photoprotection, cytotoxicity, and phototoxicity of extracts from Golnar-e-farsi, saffron, and true indigo<i>.</i> The plant extracts were prepared using the maceration method. The <i>in vitro</i> evaluation showed that the sun protection factor (SPF) of the barrier cream containing 1% methanolic fraction of Golnar-e-farsi was 26.53. The SPF values of cold cream containing 4% of ethanolic extract of saffron petals and true indigo leaves were 24.98 and 20.72 respectively. The results obtained clearly indicated that the cream formulations were stable at temperatures of 4°C and 25°C, and that the active ingredients were not released from the formulations in release testing. The cytotoxicity and phototoxicity studies were assessed using the MTT-based colorimetric assay on 3T3 cells. Owing to the survival of 3T3 cells in the presence and absence of UV light, which was close to 100%, IC<sub>50</sub> was not calculated. The results indicated that the natural formulation can produce suitable SPF owing to the presence of flavonoids. Moreover, the active ingredients did not have any adverse phototoxic effects on the 3T3 cells. Consequently, they can be used as a suitable sunscreen in future research.</p>

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In Vitro Photoprotection and Phototoxicity of Punica granatum, Crocus sativus, and Indigofera tinctoria Extracts as Natural Sunscreen Agents

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月1日

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  • Payam Khazaeli,
  • Mitra Mehrabani,
  • Zahra Zare,
  • Mahboobhe Kavirimanesh-Khanaman,
  • Marzieh Sajadi-Bami,
  • Behzad Behnam,
  • Atefeh Ameri

摘要

The use of sunscreen is essential to protect the skin from the acute and chronic effects of UV rays. This study was aimed at investigating in vitro evaluation of photoprotection, cytotoxicity, and phototoxicity of extracts from Golnar-e-farsi, saffron, and true indigo. The plant extracts were prepared using the maceration method. The in vitro evaluation showed that the sun protection factor (SPF) of the barrier cream containing 1% methanolic fraction of Golnar-e-farsi was 26.53. The SPF values of cold cream containing 4% of ethanolic extract of saffron petals and true indigo leaves were 24.98 and 20.72 respectively. The results obtained clearly indicated that the cream formulations were stable at temperatures of 4°C and 25°C, and that the active ingredients were not released from the formulations in release testing. The cytotoxicity and phototoxicity studies were assessed using the MTT-based colorimetric assay on 3T3 cells. Owing to the survival of 3T3 cells in the presence and absence of UV light, which was close to 100%, IC50 was not calculated. The results indicated that the natural formulation can produce suitable SPF owing to the presence of flavonoids. Moreover, the active ingredients did not have any adverse phototoxic effects on the 3T3 cells. Consequently, they can be used as a suitable sunscreen in future research.