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<p>Plasma-activated liquids (PALs) bridge plasma chemistry and aqueous reactivity, offering a controllable platform for biomedical, agricultural, and environmental applications. Their reactivity stems from gas-phase reactive oxygen and nitrogen species dissolving into the liquid; however, the role of the choice of solution in governing this chemistry remains insufficiently investigated. Here, we systematically compare deionized water (DW), mineral water (MW), tap water (TW), phosphate‑buffered saline (PBS), and Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM) treated under identical conditions using a surface dielectric barrier discharge (sDBD) in a gas‑tight reactor. By coupling in situ optical absorption spectroscopy with liquid-phase analysis, we reveal a direct link between the gas-phase O<sub>3</sub>–NO<sub><i>x</i></sub> transition and the formation of NO<sub>2</sub>⁻, HNO<sub>2</sub>, and NO<sub>3</sub>⁻ in each solution. Among the tested media, PBS exhibited the fastest transition, occurring about 82&#xa0;s earlier than in DW, driven by its high ionic strength and rapid O<sub>3</sub> consumption. While nitrate concentrations converged across solutions, nitrite and nitrous acid were strongly modulated by initial pH, buffering capacity, and ionic composition. In particular, PBS produced significantly higher NO<sub>2</sub>⁻ levels, reaching 0.453&#xa0;mM, which is about 6.6 times higher than the lowest concentration observed in DMEM. Dilution of PBS (0.5X, 0.1X) delayed the transition and reduced buffering, favoring HNO<sub>2</sub> accumulation. These findings demonstrate that PAL chemistry emerges from the interplay between plasma conditions and solution properties.</p>

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Real-Time Formation of Nitrate and Nitrite Species in Plasma-Activated Liquids: From Distilled Water to Cell Culture Solutions

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月20日

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  • Jin Hee Bae,
  • Seong-Cheol Huh,
  • Negar Rahdar,
  • Sanghoo Park

摘要

Plasma-activated liquids (PALs) bridge plasma chemistry and aqueous reactivity, offering a controllable platform for biomedical, agricultural, and environmental applications. Their reactivity stems from gas-phase reactive oxygen and nitrogen species dissolving into the liquid; however, the role of the choice of solution in governing this chemistry remains insufficiently investigated. Here, we systematically compare deionized water (DW), mineral water (MW), tap water (TW), phosphate‑buffered saline (PBS), and Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM) treated under identical conditions using a surface dielectric barrier discharge (sDBD) in a gas‑tight reactor. By coupling in situ optical absorption spectroscopy with liquid-phase analysis, we reveal a direct link between the gas-phase O3–NOx transition and the formation of NO2⁻, HNO2, and NO3⁻ in each solution. Among the tested media, PBS exhibited the fastest transition, occurring about 82 s earlier than in DW, driven by its high ionic strength and rapid O3 consumption. While nitrate concentrations converged across solutions, nitrite and nitrous acid were strongly modulated by initial pH, buffering capacity, and ionic composition. In particular, PBS produced significantly higher NO2⁻ levels, reaching 0.453 mM, which is about 6.6 times higher than the lowest concentration observed in DMEM. Dilution of PBS (0.5X, 0.1X) delayed the transition and reduced buffering, favoring HNO2 accumulation. These findings demonstrate that PAL chemistry emerges from the interplay between plasma conditions and solution properties.