Terahertz wave generation in two-dimensional MXenes under femtosecond pulsed laser illumination

The generation of terahertz (THz) waves in two-dimensional (2D) MXenes under near-infrared femtosecond laser illumination is predicted using a hydrodynamic model. The model self-consistently captures nonlinearities arising from electric, magnetic, and convective interactions with a minimal set of material parameters. The coupled hydrodynamic–Maxwell equations are solved using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method to resolve the spatiotemporal dynamics of THz emission. The results indicate strong, tunable THz output governed by laser (intensity, polarization, and incidence angle), material (composition, carrier density, and temperature), and structural (layer thickness and substrate) parameters. These predictive simulations motivate experimental studies of THz generation in MXenes, highlighting their potential as versatile platforms for compact, broadband THz sources in on-chip photonics and 6G communications.