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<p>We have designed a two-dimensional hexagonal photonic crystal sensor to detect Cu<sup>2</sup>⁺ ions in aqueous solutions using a simulation-based approach. The sensor structure consists of air-filled cylindrical holes arranged in a hexagonal lattice within a TiO₂ dielectric background, which acts as the high-refractive-index material. The optical behavior of the sensor is analyzed using the finite element method in COMSOL Multiphysics. A central defect was introduced into the hexagonal unit cells whose refractive index varies according to the concentration of Cu<sup>2</sup>⁺ ions. The design is optimized with a cylinder radius <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((r)\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> of 70&#xa0;nm, a pitch <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((p)\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> of 150&#xa0;nm, and a lattice constant <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((a)\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> of 550&#xa0;nm to achieve resonance in the infrared region. This structural design results in an observable resonance peak shift within the photonic band gap region. The sensor achieves a sensitivity of 38.22&#xa0;nm/RIU, a high quality-factor of 28,354.02, and a figure of merit of 733.33 RIU⁻<sup>1</sup>. Due to its high performance and compact structure, this sensor offers a practical and efficient solution for heavy metal ion detection in photonic sensing applications.</p>

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Design and optimization of 2D-hexagonal photonic crystals for heavy metal Cu2⁺ sensing in water: a computational study

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月8日

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  • Priyanka Yadav,
  • Ravindra Singh,
  • Ramnarayan,
  • Surendra Prasad

摘要

We have designed a two-dimensional hexagonal photonic crystal sensor to detect Cu2⁺ ions in aqueous solutions using a simulation-based approach. The sensor structure consists of air-filled cylindrical holes arranged in a hexagonal lattice within a TiO₂ dielectric background, which acts as the high-refractive-index material. The optical behavior of the sensor is analyzed using the finite element method in COMSOL Multiphysics. A central defect was introduced into the hexagonal unit cells whose refractive index varies according to the concentration of Cu2⁺ ions. The design is optimized with a cylinder radius \((r)\) of 70 nm, a pitch \((p)\) of 150 nm, and a lattice constant \((a)\) of 550 nm to achieve resonance in the infrared region. This structural design results in an observable resonance peak shift within the photonic band gap region. The sensor achieves a sensitivity of 38.22 nm/RIU, a high quality-factor of 28,354.02, and a figure of merit of 733.33 RIU⁻1. Due to its high performance and compact structure, this sensor offers a practical and efficient solution for heavy metal ion detection in photonic sensing applications.