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<p>This study investigates the channel impairments associated with underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC). It focuses on issues such as attenuation effects, pointing errors (PEs), angle-of-arrival (AOA) fluctuations, and turbulence. These impairments are modeled using the Beer–Lambert Law, Hoyt distribution, Rayleigh distribution, and Fisher-Snedecor F-distribution, respectively, to enhance the performance of UWOC. The F-distribution is employed to model the probability distribution of a spherical wave as it propagates through asymmetric oceanic turbulence, offering a flexible framework for various turbulence intensities. The study derives key performance metrics, such as outage probability (OP), throughput, and ergodic capacity (EC), using Meijer-G and Fox-H functions. At high SNR (75–90 dB), the OP is observed to be <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(P_{out} \approx 1.8\times 10^{-4}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for chlorophyll concentrations of 0.006, 0.1, and 0.5 mg/m<InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(^{3}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. A significant improvement in throughput is noted, with <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\omega _b/ r_a = 3\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> achieving a throughput of 0.99607 at an SNR of 45 dB, compared to 0.32644 for <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\omega _b/ r_a = 13\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. The receiver field-of-view angle (FoV) is found to influence AOA fluctuations, with the EC remaining stable (EC<InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\approx \)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>20) despite beam misalignment ratios <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((q_H)\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> varying from 0.1 to 1. Additionally, the study demonstrates that Heterodyne Detection (HD) outperforms Direct Detection (DD), and that narrowing beamwidths significantly improve received signal power and EC, offering a practical approach to optimizing the performance in real-world conditions.</p>

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On the modeling and performance enhancement of underwater wireless optical communication: impairments, throughput, and ergodic capacity

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月6日

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  • Varunika Dixit,
  • Kamal Agrawal,
  • Yogendra Kumar Prajapati

摘要

This study investigates the channel impairments associated with underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC). It focuses on issues such as attenuation effects, pointing errors (PEs), angle-of-arrival (AOA) fluctuations, and turbulence. These impairments are modeled using the Beer–Lambert Law, Hoyt distribution, Rayleigh distribution, and Fisher-Snedecor F-distribution, respectively, to enhance the performance of UWOC. The F-distribution is employed to model the probability distribution of a spherical wave as it propagates through asymmetric oceanic turbulence, offering a flexible framework for various turbulence intensities. The study derives key performance metrics, such as outage probability (OP), throughput, and ergodic capacity (EC), using Meijer-G and Fox-H functions. At high SNR (75–90 dB), the OP is observed to be \(P_{out} \approx 1.8\times 10^{-4}\) for chlorophyll concentrations of 0.006, 0.1, and 0.5 mg/m \(^{3}\) . A significant improvement in throughput is noted, with \(\omega _b/ r_a = 3\) achieving a throughput of 0.99607 at an SNR of 45 dB, compared to 0.32644 for \(\omega _b/ r_a = 13\) . The receiver field-of-view angle (FoV) is found to influence AOA fluctuations, with the EC remaining stable (EC \(\approx \) 20) despite beam misalignment ratios \((q_H)\) varying from 0.1 to 1. Additionally, the study demonstrates that Heterodyne Detection (HD) outperforms Direct Detection (DD), and that narrowing beamwidths significantly improve received signal power and EC, offering a practical approach to optimizing the performance in real-world conditions.