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<p>This paper presents a novel realization of Surface Plasmons (SPs)–induced Optical Bistability (OB) in Partially Reduced Graphene Oxide (PRGO) deposited on a gold thin film. The novelty comes from the distinct mechanism of exciting SPs by Difference Frequency Generation (DFG) using a pump–probe radiation in the visible range as well as the dynamical tuning mechanism of OB via an external bias voltage (2.5&#xa0;V) which in turn, provides an active control over the nonlinear response and leads to an unprecedented ultra-low threshold OB (a few miliwatts). Our EFM images reveals that Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDs) are formed in consequence of the reduction process which are responsible for the strong localization of SPs. Accordingly, we develop a theoretical model to explain the unexplored SPs effect on the OB enhancement through strengthening the internal feedback while no external feedback process is deployed. On the other hand, our density functional calculations unveils that the PRGO first order hyperpolarizability is at least one order higher than that of the pristine graphene. Our findings highlight PRGO as an alternative semiconducting platform for tunable, reconfigurable and energy efficient computing components like electro-optical switches, memristors and gates.</p>

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Bias voltage-controlled ultra-low threshold optical bistability induced by surface plasmons in partially reduced graphene oxide

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月28日

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  • Morteza A. Sharif,
  • Arash Afghan,
  • Mehdi Borjkhani

摘要

This paper presents a novel realization of Surface Plasmons (SPs)–induced Optical Bistability (OB) in Partially Reduced Graphene Oxide (PRGO) deposited on a gold thin film. The novelty comes from the distinct mechanism of exciting SPs by Difference Frequency Generation (DFG) using a pump–probe radiation in the visible range as well as the dynamical tuning mechanism of OB via an external bias voltage (2.5 V) which in turn, provides an active control over the nonlinear response and leads to an unprecedented ultra-low threshold OB (a few miliwatts). Our EFM images reveals that Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDs) are formed in consequence of the reduction process which are responsible for the strong localization of SPs. Accordingly, we develop a theoretical model to explain the unexplored SPs effect on the OB enhancement through strengthening the internal feedback while no external feedback process is deployed. On the other hand, our density functional calculations unveils that the PRGO first order hyperpolarizability is at least one order higher than that of the pristine graphene. Our findings highlight PRGO as an alternative semiconducting platform for tunable, reconfigurable and energy efficient computing components like electro-optical switches, memristors and gates.