<p>In present study, three device structures were simulated with finite-element method: (1) a regular Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with the configuration FTO/TiO₂/CH₃NH₃PbI₃/spiro-OMeTAD/Au, (2) a PSC with an Sb₂S₃ interlayer, and (3) a state-of-the-art PSC with both Sb₂S₃ and a graphene interlayer. The simulations reveal that the inclusion of Sb₂S₃ improves the electron transport by minimizing the accumulation of charges at the interface TiO₂/perovskite, leading to a more uniform electron concentration profile and decreased recombination losses. Further enhancement is observed in the graphene-incorporated PSC, where graphene's high conductivity facilitates efficient hole extraction and improves charge transport dynamics. As a result, the graphene-incorporated perovskite solar cell (model 3) exhibits the best power conversion efficiency of 21.39%, which is significantly better compared to model 1 (14.65%) and model 2 (15.66%). In addition, Sb₂S₃ and graphene incorporation enhances the short-circuit current density (Jsc), open-circuit voltage (Voc), and fill factor (FF), showing the effectiveness of the materials for the optimization of interfacial charge dynamics. The use of Sb₂S₃ and graphene as interfacial layers is a promising approach to overcoming the existing bottlenecks in PSCs, paving the way for more efficient and commercially viable perovskite solar technologies.</p>