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<p>Quality assessment of human sperm is a highly relevant topic in reproductive health, not only because it informs on male fertility but also because it may give general hints on health consequences. Globally, semen quality has deteriorated continuously for the past four decades, possibly due to a multitude of lifestyle, environmental, and health-related factors; however, the key drivers are unknown. In this work, a photonic crystal fiber (PCF)-based biosensor for sperm quality evaluation is designed, and its performance is examined. To improve light confinement and reduce losses, the suggested PCF has a circular core (C) encircled by radial air-hole structures, which are defined by air-hole diameter (a) and pitch (p). The PCF is encased in a perfectly matched layer (PML). It operates by matching the refractive indices (RIs) of a sperm sample with that of an ideal, pre-set index and thereby deriving from that an indication of the viability and condition of the sperm. This paper focuses on the design of the sensor, its theoretical background, which supports this refractive index-based assessment, and its future potential clinical and diagnostic applications in reproductive health. Using the Finite Element Method (FEM), features of the proposed human seminal fluid sensor are analyzed using the COMSOL-Multiphysics program. The PCF detector’s exceptional accuracy in detecting fluctuations is demonstrated by its relative sensitivity of around 98.66 and 97.15%. It has a 4.862212 × 10<sup>−</sup>⁸ db/m and 7.26886 × 10<sup>−13</sup> db/m confinement loss, which indicates little energy loss and effective light confinement. The effective material loss (EML) is measured at 0.0028118 and 0.0052678 cm<sup>−1</sup>, showing its strong optical performance, which is tuned for the upper and lower limits of the refractive index appropriate for optimal sperm samples. The current PCF-based sensor approach is far from being sufficient for the precise identification of the specific causes of infertility; it only verifies whether the quality of the sperm is normal or not. Extra efforts will be required to focus on establishing effective defense, developing precision medicine for targeted reproductive damage, and researching in detail the reproductive toxicity.</p>

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A numerical investigation of a photonic crystal fiber-based biosensor for refractive index-oriented evaluation of human sperm quality

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月18日

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  • Diponkar Kundu,
  • Shible Noman,
  • A. H. M. Iftekharul Ferdous,
  • Safiul Islam,
  • Rahmot Ullah,
  • Shakil Ahmmad,
  • Anonto Kumar Sutradhar

摘要

Quality assessment of human sperm is a highly relevant topic in reproductive health, not only because it informs on male fertility but also because it may give general hints on health consequences. Globally, semen quality has deteriorated continuously for the past four decades, possibly due to a multitude of lifestyle, environmental, and health-related factors; however, the key drivers are unknown. In this work, a photonic crystal fiber (PCF)-based biosensor for sperm quality evaluation is designed, and its performance is examined. To improve light confinement and reduce losses, the suggested PCF has a circular core (C) encircled by radial air-hole structures, which are defined by air-hole diameter (a) and pitch (p). The PCF is encased in a perfectly matched layer (PML). It operates by matching the refractive indices (RIs) of a sperm sample with that of an ideal, pre-set index and thereby deriving from that an indication of the viability and condition of the sperm. This paper focuses on the design of the sensor, its theoretical background, which supports this refractive index-based assessment, and its future potential clinical and diagnostic applications in reproductive health. Using the Finite Element Method (FEM), features of the proposed human seminal fluid sensor are analyzed using the COMSOL-Multiphysics program. The PCF detector’s exceptional accuracy in detecting fluctuations is demonstrated by its relative sensitivity of around 98.66 and 97.15%. It has a 4.862212 × 10−⁸ db/m and 7.26886 × 10−13 db/m confinement loss, which indicates little energy loss and effective light confinement. The effective material loss (EML) is measured at 0.0028118 and 0.0052678 cm−1, showing its strong optical performance, which is tuned for the upper and lower limits of the refractive index appropriate for optimal sperm samples. The current PCF-based sensor approach is far from being sufficient for the precise identification of the specific causes of infertility; it only verifies whether the quality of the sperm is normal or not. Extra efforts will be required to focus on establishing effective defense, developing precision medicine for targeted reproductive damage, and researching in detail the reproductive toxicity.