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<p>The nonlinear absorption coefficient (<i>β</i>) and nonlinear refractive index (<i>n</i><sub>2</sub>) of Carmine Encapsulation (CR-Cap) with H<sub>2</sub>O/n-heptane/AOT solutions were investigated using a <i>z</i>-scan instrument. The transparent solution is made of water droplets containing carmine (CR), which are uniformly located in the continuous phase of n-heptane. The effects of Cetrimonium bromide (CTAB), NaCl, and NaOH on the <i>β</i> and <i>n</i><sub>2</sub> values of CR in aqueous solution are studied and compared with CR-Cap. The values of <i>β</i> and <i>n</i><sub>2</sub> for the CR-Cap have increased by 9 and 4.4 times, respectively, compared to those in its aqueous solution. The absorbance value and Rayleigh scattering (RS) change with environmental properties, while the optical gap is obtained as a constant 2.1 eV. The encapsulated CR has high RS and <i>β</i> values, which is caused by the increased polarizability of the molecule as a result of encapsulation, while aqueous solutions have low RS and <i>β</i> values. With quantum perturbation calculation, it is demonstrated that encapsulation increases the ground state dipole moment of CR compared to the aqueous solution. CR-Cap can be used as a photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy or optical devices.</p>

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Photophysical and nonlinear optical properties of carmine encapsulation compared with ionic solutions and environmental polarity

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年2月1日

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  • Tina Moharer Ahmadi,
  • Soheil Sharifi

摘要

The nonlinear absorption coefficient (β) and nonlinear refractive index (n2) of Carmine Encapsulation (CR-Cap) with H2O/n-heptane/AOT solutions were investigated using a z-scan instrument. The transparent solution is made of water droplets containing carmine (CR), which are uniformly located in the continuous phase of n-heptane. The effects of Cetrimonium bromide (CTAB), NaCl, and NaOH on the β and n2 values of CR in aqueous solution are studied and compared with CR-Cap. The values of β and n2 for the CR-Cap have increased by 9 and 4.4 times, respectively, compared to those in its aqueous solution. The absorbance value and Rayleigh scattering (RS) change with environmental properties, while the optical gap is obtained as a constant 2.1 eV. The encapsulated CR has high RS and β values, which is caused by the increased polarizability of the molecule as a result of encapsulation, while aqueous solutions have low RS and β values. With quantum perturbation calculation, it is demonstrated that encapsulation increases the ground state dipole moment of CR compared to the aqueous solution. CR-Cap can be used as a photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy or optical devices.