Effect of titanium ion doping on γ-ray shielding, structure and dielectric characteristics of glasses made of barium zinc borate

An investigation was conducted into the impact of titanium ion (TiO₂) on the structural, dielectric, and shielding characteristics of glasses. Density improved from 3.70 to 3.93 g cm⁻³ as samples containing titanium ions rose from 0.0 to 10 mol% in the glasses network. FTIR investigations revealed the development of functional groups and units, including bridging BO₄ and non-bridging BO₃, in our recently developed glasses. Throughout the low frequency range, the dielectric constant of every glass filled with various amounts of TiO₂ mol% sharply decreased as frequency increased. The dielectric constant value appeared semi-constant as the TiO₂ level increased to 4 mol% and then increased at higher concentrations. Every glass that was examined showed distinct relaxation peaks on their measured loss tangent (tan δ) between 100 Hz and 20 kHz. The exposure (EBF) as well as energy absorption (EABF) buildup factors of Ti-X glasses were computed using Phy-X/PSD software as a function of photon energy at 1–40 MFP. Both EBF and EABF improved with increasing photon energy until they reached a maximum, at which point they declined as photon energy continued to rise. The Ti-10.0 glass sample which contains the highest doping of the TiO₂ is the most effective removal cross-section. The sample Ti-10.0 had the lowest relaxation length (λ_FCS) and half value layer (HVL_FCS).