Soliton resonances, soliton molecules to breathers, semi-elastic collisions and soliton bifurcation for a multi-component Maccari system in optical fiber

Soliton dynamics often exhibit a rich diversity and complexity, emerging from myriad combinations of nonlinearities and dispersions within nonlinear dynamical systems. This endeavor contributes to the novel exploration of intricate soliton interactions. In this paper, we investigate a multi-component Maccari system which can be used to depict optical pulse motions in multi-mode optical fibers. By employing the bilinear method, we obtain the system’s analytical second-order solutions involving abundant parameters. Under taking suitable parameter settings, we observe some novel soliton interaction dynamics: soliton resonances from local to global ranges, transitions from soliton molecules to breathers, semi-elastic soliton collisions and soliton bifurcations (namely solitons’ fission and fusion). Especially, all solitons in resonances, molecules and bifurcations hold stable propagation states. The findings also reveal new energy transition mechanism during soliton interactions by semi-elastic collisions and soliton bifurcations.