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<p>Threshold-triggered gathering suppression and vaccination intervention in a higher-order SIR epidemic model is investigated. Simulation results show that excessively early triggering gathering suppression just delays the epidemic peak, late triggering fails to effectively curb rapid spread, and an intermediate timing jointly reduces the final attack rate and peak prevalence. A moderate, sufficiently sustained intervention is optimal, whereas overly strict short actions and overly mild long actions are suboptimal. For vaccination, weak higher-order transmission yields an optimal intervention threshold and overly early triggering can waste vaccines due to failure to protect susceptible individuals. In the strong higher-order transmission regime, there exists an early intervention window within which vaccination produces very similar effective outcomes, whereas delays beyond this window lead to increasingly worse control effects. Faster vaccine deployment is more important than extending vaccine protection duration. The present results may provide qualitative insight into intervention timing and temporary protection in epidemic settings with rapid nonlinear spread.</p>

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Assessing gathering suppression and vaccination intervention in SIR contagion processes with higher-order interactions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月20日

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  • Tianyu Li,
  • Yipeng Hu,
  • Xueqin Wang,
  • Xuening Li,
  • Jia Ya,
  • Lijian Yang

摘要

Threshold-triggered gathering suppression and vaccination intervention in a higher-order SIR epidemic model is investigated. Simulation results show that excessively early triggering gathering suppression just delays the epidemic peak, late triggering fails to effectively curb rapid spread, and an intermediate timing jointly reduces the final attack rate and peak prevalence. A moderate, sufficiently sustained intervention is optimal, whereas overly strict short actions and overly mild long actions are suboptimal. For vaccination, weak higher-order transmission yields an optimal intervention threshold and overly early triggering can waste vaccines due to failure to protect susceptible individuals. In the strong higher-order transmission regime, there exists an early intervention window within which vaccination produces very similar effective outcomes, whereas delays beyond this window lead to increasingly worse control effects. Faster vaccine deployment is more important than extending vaccine protection duration. The present results may provide qualitative insight into intervention timing and temporary protection in epidemic settings with rapid nonlinear spread.