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<p>Cellular automata (CA) are extensively utilized in image encryption owing to their nonlinearity and parallelizability. However, using a static CA rule for encryption poses security risks, especially when handling specific images. Although dynamic CA rules can alleviate this issue which inevitably lead to higher computational complexity. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel Reversible Asynchronous Dynamic Influence Radius Cellular Automata (RADIR-CA) framework. Based on the RADIR-CA, we proposed an efficient image encryption algorithm. First, a 4D hyperchaotic system (4D-VFCM) is designed to enhance key sensitivity, with its chaotic properties rigorously validated through Lyapunov exponent spectra, 0-1 tests, and sample entropy. Then, we construct a RADIR-CA-based diffusion algorithm to thoroughly disrupt the statistical properties of the plaintext. Finally, a 3D bit-level permutation algorithm (3DBPA) is proposed to achieve comprehensive bitwise scrambling, significantly enhancing resistance against cropping attacks. Simulation experiments and comprehensive security analyses demonstrate that the proposed algorithm achieves a key space of <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(2^{316}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mn>2</mn> <mn>316</mn> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> while exhibiting excellent performance in terms of robustness and attack resistance ability. Delivers NPCR and UACI values equal 99.6082% and 33.4710% respectively which approaching their theoretical ideals, and obtains a near-optimal information entropy value of 7.9994.</p>

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An image encryption scheme based on a four-dimensional hyperchaotic system and Reversible Asynchronous Dynamic Influence Radius Cellular Automata

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月6日

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  • Jiaqi Yao,
  • Qingsong Hu,
  • Shufeng Huang,
  • Shuting Cai,
  • Xiaoming Xiong,
  • Beihai Tan,
  • Linqing Huang

摘要

Cellular automata (CA) are extensively utilized in image encryption owing to their nonlinearity and parallelizability. However, using a static CA rule for encryption poses security risks, especially when handling specific images. Although dynamic CA rules can alleviate this issue which inevitably lead to higher computational complexity. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel Reversible Asynchronous Dynamic Influence Radius Cellular Automata (RADIR-CA) framework. Based on the RADIR-CA, we proposed an efficient image encryption algorithm. First, a 4D hyperchaotic system (4D-VFCM) is designed to enhance key sensitivity, with its chaotic properties rigorously validated through Lyapunov exponent spectra, 0-1 tests, and sample entropy. Then, we construct a RADIR-CA-based diffusion algorithm to thoroughly disrupt the statistical properties of the plaintext. Finally, a 3D bit-level permutation algorithm (3DBPA) is proposed to achieve comprehensive bitwise scrambling, significantly enhancing resistance against cropping attacks. Simulation experiments and comprehensive security analyses demonstrate that the proposed algorithm achieves a key space of \(2^{316}\) 2 316 while exhibiting excellent performance in terms of robustness and attack resistance ability. Delivers NPCR and UACI values equal 99.6082% and 33.4710% respectively which approaching their theoretical ideals, and obtains a near-optimal information entropy value of 7.9994.