<p>Harnessing environmental energy is an effective method to ensure the continuity and stability of energy supply for wireless sensors. As an emerging technology for collecting environmental vibration energy, dielectric elastomer generator (DEG) holds significant potential. This study proposes a bistable DEG based on bistable design, which utilizes potential well switching to amplify its operational bandwidth and enhance energy harvesting performance. Considering the hyperelastic and viscoelastic behaviors of DE materials, a dynamic model of the bistable DEG is developed, and the validity of the theoretical model is verified through experiments. Based on this, the influence of periodic excitation parameters and structural parameters (mass, pre-stretch ratio, spring stiffness, and spring initial length) on the system’s dynamic behavior and energy harvesting performance is investigated. Additionally, the energy harvesting performance of bistable DEGs with different potential well structures under two types of random excitations is considered. The research indicates that adjusting system parameters can design the potential well structure to match complex environmental excitations. This work provides important theoretical guidance for revealing the nonlinear dynamic behavior of high-performance bistable DEGs, contributing to the optimization of DEG dynamic characteristics and energy harvesting performance.</p>