<p>Micro-amplitude low-frequency vibration suppression is a significant and widespread challenge in engineering applications, and conventional linear systems are constrained by the inherent stiffness-damping trade-off. This work introduces a novel Buckled Beam Vibration Suppressor (BBVS) for adaptive vibration suppression that overcomes this fundamental limitation through the strategic coupling of an axially preloaded buckled beam with a linear beam via a viscoelastic layer. The buckled beam's inherent bistable characteristics enable self-adaptive damping enhancement through excitation-dependent dynamic transitions, ranging from periodic inter-well and intra-well oscillations to complex chaotic vibrations under varying marine excitation conditions. To analyze these intricate dynamics, a hybrid computational approach is employed. The Efficient Galerkin Average Incremental Harmonic Balance (EGA-IHB) method rapidly identifies stable and unstable solution regions across wide parameter ranges, while Runge–Kutta time integration provides detailed characterizations of the chaotic dynamics within the unstable regions. Comprehensive parametric studies reveal that the BBVS achieves up to 75% vibration amplitude reduction near resonance through two distinct mechanisms: chaotic energy redistribution under low-amplitude excitations and frequency-upshift-induced damping enhancement at higher-amplitude excitations. The system's tunability is demonstrated through viscoelastic layer parameter adjustment and axial preload control, with the latter enabling adaptive performance tuning without requiring structural modifications, which is a crucial advantage for engineering applications. These findings establish theoretical foundations for BBVS-based adaptive vibration suppression in engineering structures subjected to low-frequency excitations.</p>