Trade-off and chaos in a delayed plant-pollinator-predator system
摘要
In this work, we formulate and analyze a mathematical model capturing the trade-off dynamics arising from pollinator behavioral modifications in response to predation within a plant–pollinator–predator system. Using dynamical systems theory, we investigate the stability of various ecological equilibria and identify bifurcation phenomena. To explore the impact of key ecological parameters, we examine how changes in the behavior modification rate influence system outcomes. Furthermore, the system admits a stable coexistence equilibrium only when the mutualistic interaction strength exceeds a certain minimum. We investigate how changes in key parameters influence population dynamics and system resilience using sensitivity analysis. To further investigate the system’s dynamics, we introduce time delay into the model. We demonstrate that the delayed system exhibits stability switching for the increment of time delay. Also, chaotic behavior is observed as confirmed by a positive maximum Lyapunov exponent.