Adaptive piezoelectric energy harvester using a shape memory alloy stopper
摘要
This paper investigates a novel adaptive energy harvester that synergistically combines piezoelectric material and shape memory alloy (SMA). The piezoelectric material converts mechanical into electrical energy while an SMA element is used as a stopper that introduces nonsmooth nonlinearity. Nonsmooth systems operate in different modes, with and without contact, presenting rich dynamics that can be useful to enhance energy harvesting capacity. Besides, the SMA can be exploited by considering two different behaviors: morphing ability to change the gap distance from temperature variations; energy dissipation due to hysteretic behavior during contact dynamical mode, contributing to the structural safety of the device. A mathematical model is proposed considering a linear constitutive model to describe the piezoelectric electromechanical behavior while a model with polynomial phase transformation kinetics is employed to describe SMA thermomechanical behavior. Numerical simulations are carried out evaluating the influence of nonlinear characteristics due to the contact and due to SMA phase transformations. The investigation establishes a comparison of the novel device with the linear device and with the nonlinear device with elastic stopper. Results show that the adaptive harvester has better performance for different operational conditions characterized by base amplitude and frequency. Therefore, the synergistic use of smart materials is a promising strategy to enhance energy harvesting capacity, especially considering ambient uncertainties.