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<p>Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) represent a growing hazard in the Himalaya, driven by climate-induced glacier retreat and the expansion of glacial lakes. While most GLOF assessments rely on satellite-derived indicators, they often lack the field-level precision required for comprehensive hazard assessment and for designing effective, site-specific mitigation strategies. This study presents one of the first multi-disciplinary multi-lake Comprehensive Field-Based Hazard Assessments (CFBHA) undertaken in the Indian Eastern Himalaya, covering nine high-risk glacial lakes in Sikkim. Through bathymetric investigations, geophysical assessments, morphometric studies and hydro-meteorological monitoring, we obtained lake depth profiles, identified saturated moraine, located subsurface seepage, assessed the integrity of moraines, and proposed data-driven mitigation planning. These findings significantly enrich susceptibility rankings derived from satellite imagery alone. Based on the CFBHA, a four-step operational framework for GLOF risk mitigation is proposed, linking satellite-based prioritisation to field surveys and intervention planning. This study presents a replicable model for assessing Himalayan GLOF risk and informing mitigation strategies under a changing climate, thereby bridging the gap between science, engineering, and policy.</p>

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Comprehensive field-based hazard assessment and mitigation strategies of glacial lakes in the Eastern Himalaya

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月28日

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  • R. K. Sharma,
  • Rajeev Rajak,
  • Sandeep Tambe,
  • Pranay Pradhan,
  • Narpati Sharma,
  • Baichung Lepcha,
  • Priya Pradhan,
  • Rajesh Kumar,
  • Dhiren G. Shrestha,
  • Dharmendra Lamsal,
  • Sajan Poudyal,
  • Tenzing D. Bhutia,
  • Ashim Basnet,
  • Dorjee N. Sherpa,
  • Tikendra H. Sharma,
  • Passang Sherpa,
  • Dawa T. Bhutia,
  • Keshar K. Luitel,
  • Dicky Yangzom,
  • Mingma T. Sherpa,
  • Keshav Koirala,
  • Ada Lawrence,
  • Prabakar Rai,
  • Antony Joh Moothedan,
  • Sweta Baidya,
  • Safi Ahsan Rizvi,
  • Adam Emmer,
  • Christoph Haemmig,
  • Ursina Vetsch

摘要

Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) represent a growing hazard in the Himalaya, driven by climate-induced glacier retreat and the expansion of glacial lakes. While most GLOF assessments rely on satellite-derived indicators, they often lack the field-level precision required for comprehensive hazard assessment and for designing effective, site-specific mitigation strategies. This study presents one of the first multi-disciplinary multi-lake Comprehensive Field-Based Hazard Assessments (CFBHA) undertaken in the Indian Eastern Himalaya, covering nine high-risk glacial lakes in Sikkim. Through bathymetric investigations, geophysical assessments, morphometric studies and hydro-meteorological monitoring, we obtained lake depth profiles, identified saturated moraine, located subsurface seepage, assessed the integrity of moraines, and proposed data-driven mitigation planning. These findings significantly enrich susceptibility rankings derived from satellite imagery alone. Based on the CFBHA, a four-step operational framework for GLOF risk mitigation is proposed, linking satellite-based prioritisation to field surveys and intervention planning. This study presents a replicable model for assessing Himalayan GLOF risk and informing mitigation strategies under a changing climate, thereby bridging the gap between science, engineering, and policy.