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<p>Mumbai, the Financial Capital of India, experienced a very heavy rainfall event on 26 May 2025, triggered by the earliest advancement of the southwest monsoon in the recent years. The downpour, amounting to nearly 180&#xa0;mm in 24&#xa0;h, caused flash flooding and severe urban disruptions. To investigate this very heavy rainfall event, we combine rain gauge records, ERA5 reanalysis, and Automated Weather Observing Systems (AWOS) Ceilometer (CL31) data. The CL31 is deployed by the India Meteorological Department (IMD) under the Ministry of Earth Sciences ‘Mission Mausam’ to monitor accurate cloud base height (CBH) across Indian airports. ERA5 captured the spatial distribution of heavy rainfall consistent with IMD’s gridded rainfall. The reanalysis precipitable water vapour and vertically integrated moisture transport analyses indicated abundant moisture influx from the Arabian Sea. Enhanced moisture convergence along the Mumbai coast was evident prior to the event, supplying favourable conditions for convection. Convective available potential energy (CAPE) showed significant enhancement (3045&#xa0;J/kg) before the heavy rainfall event over the Mumbai coast. All three CBH observed by CL31 persisted below 1.8&#xa0;km during the very heavy rainfall episode. The lower CBH over Mumbai indicates the dominance of deep convective clouds, which favour extreme precipitation. The study highlights the synergistic role of early monsoon onset, coastal moisture convergence, and convective cloud development in producing the heavy rainfall event. The present study also demonstrates the first scientific application of AWOS CL31 observations in India for hazard assessment. These results emphasize the growing value of the ‘Mission Mausam’ AWOS network for both aviation meteorology and urban flood preparedness.</p>

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Atmospheric drivers of the 26 May 2025 heavy rainfall event over mumbai: insights from observations and reanalysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月13日

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  • Krishna Kumar Shukla,
  • Anoop Kumar Mishra,
  • Gajendra Kumar,
  • Dipak Kumar Sahu,
  • Shubhangi Bhute,
  • Sourav Adhikary

摘要

Mumbai, the Financial Capital of India, experienced a very heavy rainfall event on 26 May 2025, triggered by the earliest advancement of the southwest monsoon in the recent years. The downpour, amounting to nearly 180 mm in 24 h, caused flash flooding and severe urban disruptions. To investigate this very heavy rainfall event, we combine rain gauge records, ERA5 reanalysis, and Automated Weather Observing Systems (AWOS) Ceilometer (CL31) data. The CL31 is deployed by the India Meteorological Department (IMD) under the Ministry of Earth Sciences ‘Mission Mausam’ to monitor accurate cloud base height (CBH) across Indian airports. ERA5 captured the spatial distribution of heavy rainfall consistent with IMD’s gridded rainfall. The reanalysis precipitable water vapour and vertically integrated moisture transport analyses indicated abundant moisture influx from the Arabian Sea. Enhanced moisture convergence along the Mumbai coast was evident prior to the event, supplying favourable conditions for convection. Convective available potential energy (CAPE) showed significant enhancement (3045 J/kg) before the heavy rainfall event over the Mumbai coast. All three CBH observed by CL31 persisted below 1.8 km during the very heavy rainfall episode. The lower CBH over Mumbai indicates the dominance of deep convective clouds, which favour extreme precipitation. The study highlights the synergistic role of early monsoon onset, coastal moisture convergence, and convective cloud development in producing the heavy rainfall event. The present study also demonstrates the first scientific application of AWOS CL31 observations in India for hazard assessment. These results emphasize the growing value of the ‘Mission Mausam’ AWOS network for both aviation meteorology and urban flood preparedness.