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<p>Tropical cyclones (TCs) occasionally intensify despite weakening air–sea latent heat fluxes, especially when approaching complex terrain like the Indochina–Hainan Strait. Among TCs traversing this strait along a similar path, Severe Typhoon Son-Tinh (2012) is the only documented case of rapid intensification. A numerical study of Son-Tinh was performed using the Weather Research and Forecasting model. We conducted a control simulation (CTL), a sensitivity experiment with Hainan Island’s terrain removed (WkIsland), and another experiment preserving most terrain but reducing the effect of Wuzhi Mountain (WkMountain). TC intensities varied notably among simulations. The CTL simulation produced the strongest TC and the only one undergoing rapid intensification, while the WkMountain TC was weaker than in WkIsland. Deviations in sensitivity experiments from CTL were more pronounced in vorticities than in vertical wind shear or heat fluxes. Lower TC intensity in sensitivity experiments likely resulted from reduced inner-core relative and potential vorticities, primarily from wind field divergence. The inner core was smallest in the CTL simulation, attributed to the compression effect of Wuzhi Mountain. This terrain-induced effect caused wind field convergence, concentrating vorticity near the TC center. These findings highlight topography’s important role in modulating TC dynamics and intensification.</p>

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Dynamic modulation of severe Typhoon Son-Tinh’s (2012) inner-core vorticity structure during rapid intensification: terrain-induced impacts over Hainan Island​

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月31日

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  • Shumin Chen,
  • Mingsen Zhou,
  • Weibiao Li

摘要

Tropical cyclones (TCs) occasionally intensify despite weakening air–sea latent heat fluxes, especially when approaching complex terrain like the Indochina–Hainan Strait. Among TCs traversing this strait along a similar path, Severe Typhoon Son-Tinh (2012) is the only documented case of rapid intensification. A numerical study of Son-Tinh was performed using the Weather Research and Forecasting model. We conducted a control simulation (CTL), a sensitivity experiment with Hainan Island’s terrain removed (WkIsland), and another experiment preserving most terrain but reducing the effect of Wuzhi Mountain (WkMountain). TC intensities varied notably among simulations. The CTL simulation produced the strongest TC and the only one undergoing rapid intensification, while the WkMountain TC was weaker than in WkIsland. Deviations in sensitivity experiments from CTL were more pronounced in vorticities than in vertical wind shear or heat fluxes. Lower TC intensity in sensitivity experiments likely resulted from reduced inner-core relative and potential vorticities, primarily from wind field divergence. The inner core was smallest in the CTL simulation, attributed to the compression effect of Wuzhi Mountain. This terrain-induced effect caused wind field convergence, concentrating vorticity near the TC center. These findings highlight topography’s important role in modulating TC dynamics and intensification.