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<p>Coastal bluff erosion threatens infrastructure and ecosystems, particularly under climate-driven storm intensification and sea-level rise. Unlike riverine systems, coastal bluffs experience wave impacts and cyclic water level fluctuations from storm surge and tides, creating poorly understood dynamic conditions. This study investigates hydrogeomechanical responses and morphological evolution of sandy coastal bluffs subjected to combined wave action and varying storm surge conditions using large-scale wave flume experiments. Measurements included bluff and beach morphology, pore water pressures, and moisture dynamics. Results reveal distinct failure mechanisms driven by cyclic water level variations and notch formation at the bluff toe. Rising water levels enhanced notch development, causing progressive sliding and toppling failures. Capillary rise in unsaturated zones and wave-induced pore pressure fluctuations in saturated zones significantly undermined slope stability, exacerbating instability initiated by notch progression. Bluff-derived sediments influenced nearshore beach morphology, driving sandbar formation and migration. A simplified geometric model predicts equilibrium notch geometry, maximum notch depth, and bluff retreat distance based on offshore wave height and sediment friction angle. These findings advance mechanistic understanding of coastal bluff erosion and recession.</p>

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Experimental study of dense sandy bluff and beach responses to combined waves and varying storm surge

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月26日

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  • Tao Xiang,
  • Ali Farhadzadeh

摘要

Coastal bluff erosion threatens infrastructure and ecosystems, particularly under climate-driven storm intensification and sea-level rise. Unlike riverine systems, coastal bluffs experience wave impacts and cyclic water level fluctuations from storm surge and tides, creating poorly understood dynamic conditions. This study investigates hydrogeomechanical responses and morphological evolution of sandy coastal bluffs subjected to combined wave action and varying storm surge conditions using large-scale wave flume experiments. Measurements included bluff and beach morphology, pore water pressures, and moisture dynamics. Results reveal distinct failure mechanisms driven by cyclic water level variations and notch formation at the bluff toe. Rising water levels enhanced notch development, causing progressive sliding and toppling failures. Capillary rise in unsaturated zones and wave-induced pore pressure fluctuations in saturated zones significantly undermined slope stability, exacerbating instability initiated by notch progression. Bluff-derived sediments influenced nearshore beach morphology, driving sandbar formation and migration. A simplified geometric model predicts equilibrium notch geometry, maximum notch depth, and bluff retreat distance based on offshore wave height and sediment friction angle. These findings advance mechanistic understanding of coastal bluff erosion and recession.