Immunomodulatory effects of anesthetic drugs and their implications in neurodegenerative disease progression

Anesthetic drugs are known to exert immunomodulatory effects, which may influence the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. This review explores the interplay between anesthesia, immune responses, and neurodegeneration, focusing on the potential implications for diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Multiple sclerosis (MS). We discuss the role of neuroinflammation and immune dysregulation in neurodegenerative processes and examine how different anesthetic agents, both inhaled (e.g., isoflurane, sevoflurane) and intravenous (e.g., propofol, ketamine) modulate immune function. Clinical and preclinical evidence regarding the impact of anesthesia on neurodegeneration is evaluated, along with proposed mechanisms, including alterations in cytokine release, microglial activation, and oxidative stress. Understanding these interactions may provide insights into perioperative management strategies for patients with or at risk of neurodegenerative disorders.