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<p>Knot defects reduce timber quality, making their control a key objective in forest management. Although stand density is known to strongly affect knot growth, the role of climate remains poorly quantified. Here, we analysed 1355 knots from 63 <i>Pinus koraiensis</i> trees in 28 sample plots and developed climate-sensitive competition models for knot diameter, sound knot length and loose knot length using mixed-effects modelling. Increasing stand competition promoted the growth of sound knots and knot diameter, while suppressing the development of loose knot sections. Incorporating climatic variables significantly improved model performance: summer precipitation, the mean temperature of the warmest month and mean autumn temperature were positively associated with sound knot growth, whereas higher winter precipitation reduced loose knot extension. The relative importance of climate and competition differed among knot attributes and along the stem. For loose knot length and knot diameter, competition consistently exerted a stronger influence than climate, irrespective of height position, whereas sound knot length was more strongly controlled by climatic conditions than by competition. Our findings highlight the need to jointly consider climate and stand structure when designing silvicultural regimes. In particular, appropriately increasing stand density can enhance sound knot development while restricting loose knot growth, offering a practical pathway to improve wood quality and support sustainable forest management.</p>

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Modeling knot properties of plantation Pinus koraiensis under synergistic climate and competition effects

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月24日

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  • Zelin Li,
  • Weiwei Jia,
  • Fengri Li,
  • Haotian Guo,
  • Fan Wang,
  • Yang Zhao

摘要

Knot defects reduce timber quality, making their control a key objective in forest management. Although stand density is known to strongly affect knot growth, the role of climate remains poorly quantified. Here, we analysed 1355 knots from 63 Pinus koraiensis trees in 28 sample plots and developed climate-sensitive competition models for knot diameter, sound knot length and loose knot length using mixed-effects modelling. Increasing stand competition promoted the growth of sound knots and knot diameter, while suppressing the development of loose knot sections. Incorporating climatic variables significantly improved model performance: summer precipitation, the mean temperature of the warmest month and mean autumn temperature were positively associated with sound knot growth, whereas higher winter precipitation reduced loose knot extension. The relative importance of climate and competition differed among knot attributes and along the stem. For loose knot length and knot diameter, competition consistently exerted a stronger influence than climate, irrespective of height position, whereas sound knot length was more strongly controlled by climatic conditions than by competition. Our findings highlight the need to jointly consider climate and stand structure when designing silvicultural regimes. In particular, appropriately increasing stand density can enhance sound knot development while restricting loose knot growth, offering a practical pathway to improve wood quality and support sustainable forest management.