Objective. To conduct a comprehensive analysis of current data on selective neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra in Parkinson’s disease. Particular attention is paid to genetic, environmental, and pathological factors, including α-synuclein, mitochondrial dysfunction, calcium dysregulation, the gut–brain axis, uric acid levels, stress, and socioeconomic influences. Recent advances in diagnostics and therapy aimed at slowing disease progression are also considered. Materials and Methods. This review article is based on a systematic analysis of publications (2020–2025) from the PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, MedLine, and Google Scholar databases. The review includes peer-reviewed studies on selective neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra in Parkinson’s disease, covering genetic, environmental, and pathological factors, as well as diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, including studies with patients and control groups, along with preclinical models. Non-peer-reviewed materials, reports lacking a methodology, and those not relevant to the topic or time limit (up to 2020) were excluded, except for basic sources. Results. The review showed that selective neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra is a key mechanism of Parkinson’s disease and is caused by multiple factors – from genetic predisposition and mitochondrial dysfunction to pathological aggregation of α-synuclein, calcium imbalance, changes in the microbiota, and psychological stress. Early diagnosis is difficult, but new biomarkers and neuroimaging methods support detection of disease before clinical manifestation. Modern therapeutic approaches seek to modify the course of disease, including neuroprotection, targeted therapies, and cellular technologies. Integration of multidisciplinary data and the development of personalized medicine are seen as promising areas in the fight against neurodegeneration. Conclusions. Parkinson’s disease is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease in which selective neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra plays a key role. Modern data emphasize the importance of early diagnosis and the development of modifying therapies aimed at the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms. Integration of molecular, clinical, and socioeconomic aspects is a promising direction for a personalized approach to treatment and improving patients’ prognoses.

Selective Neurodegeneration in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease

期刊论文
发表日期：

2026年8月3日

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F. A. Yusupov,
M. Sh. Abdykadyrov

摘要

Objective. To conduct a comprehensive analysis of current data on selective neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra in Parkinson’s disease. Particular attention is paid to genetic, environmental, and pathological factors, including α-synuclein, mitochondrial dysfunction, calcium dysregulation, the gut–brain axis, uric acid levels, stress, and socioeconomic influences. Recent advances in diagnostics and therapy aimed at slowing disease progression are also considered. Materials and Methods. This review article is based on a systematic analysis of publications (2020–2025) from the PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, MedLine, and Google Scholar databases. The review includes peer-reviewed studies on selective neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra in Parkinson’s disease, covering genetic, environmental, and pathological factors, as well as diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, including studies with patients and control groups, along with preclinical models. Non-peer-reviewed materials, reports lacking a methodology, and those not relevant to the topic or time limit (up to 2020) were excluded, except for basic sources. Results. The review showed that selective neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra is a key mechanism of Parkinson’s disease and is caused by multiple factors – from genetic predisposition and mitochondrial dysfunction to pathological aggregation of α-synuclein, calcium imbalance, changes in the microbiota, and psychological stress. Early diagnosis is difficult, but new biomarkers and neuroimaging methods support detection of disease before clinical manifestation. Modern therapeutic approaches seek to modify the course of disease, including neuroprotection, targeted therapies, and cellular technologies. Integration of multidisciplinary data and the development of personalized medicine are seen as promising areas in the fight against neurodegeneration. Conclusions. Parkinson’s disease is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease in which selective neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra plays a key role. Modern data emphasize the importance of early diagnosis and the development of modifying therapies aimed at the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms. Integration of molecular, clinical, and socioeconomic aspects is a promising direction for a personalized approach to treatment and improving patients’ prognoses.