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<p>Current challenges in modern healthcare include Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and its early diagnosis. This arises from the rapid global spread of AD, the lack of pathogenetic therapy, and the possibility of stabilizing the progression of cognitive impairment in the early stages of the disease. At present, diagnoses of AD can only be confirmed with 100% reliability at autopsy, while classical laboratory and instrumented methods of verifying diagnoses are difficult to introduce into routine clinical practice because of a variety of limitations. Studies of new and accessible biomarkers isolated from human biological fluids therefore provide an attractive prospect for the early diagnosis of AD. This review addresses the challenge of confirming AD using markers in human biological fluids which can be obtained non-invasively. Potential AD biomarkers in saliva, tears, urine, and nasal secretions are considered and their prognostic potential as indicators of AD at an early stage are assessed.</p>

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Non-Invasive Biomarkers for the Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease in Body Fluids

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月1日

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  • E. A. Kovalenko,
  • E. V. Makhnovich,
  • A. V. Pervunina,
  • E. A. Gileva,
  • A. N. Bogolepova

摘要

Current challenges in modern healthcare include Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and its early diagnosis. This arises from the rapid global spread of AD, the lack of pathogenetic therapy, and the possibility of stabilizing the progression of cognitive impairment in the early stages of the disease. At present, diagnoses of AD can only be confirmed with 100% reliability at autopsy, while classical laboratory and instrumented methods of verifying diagnoses are difficult to introduce into routine clinical practice because of a variety of limitations. Studies of new and accessible biomarkers isolated from human biological fluids therefore provide an attractive prospect for the early diagnosis of AD. This review addresses the challenge of confirming AD using markers in human biological fluids which can be obtained non-invasively. Potential AD biomarkers in saliva, tears, urine, and nasal secretions are considered and their prognostic potential as indicators of AD at an early stage are assessed.