Biological mechanisms and benefits of physical exercise in multiple sclerosis: a review

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a persistent autoimmune condition marked by inflammation, the loss of myelin, and the degeneration of the central nervous system. While traditional pharmacological interventions focus on symptom management and disease progression, there is a growing recognition of the potential benefits of physical exercise in improving the overall well-being of individuals with MS. This review aims to thoroughly explore the multifaceted advantages and underlying mechanisms associated with physical exercise in the context of MS. Numerous studies indicate that regular physical exercise can have a positive impact on various aspects of MS, such as fatigue, mobility, cognitive function, and overall quality of life. This review consolidates evidence from recent studies to provide a comprehensive overview of the significant, albeit modest, improvements observed in walking, balance, cognition, depression, and fatigue among MS patients engaging in physical training.