Mechanisms of hydrogen sulfide-mediated neuroprotection: current understanding and future directions

Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), traditionally seen as a toxic gas, is now recognized as a crucial gaseous signaling molecule with substantial roles in the central nervous system (CNS). Emerging research underscores its neuroprotective potential, attributed to mechanisms including anti-oxidative, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory actions, as well as its regulatory impact on neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity. H₂S modulates redox balance, inhibits neuronal apoptosis, and mitigates neuroinflammation, fostering a conducive environment for neuronal health. Additionally, it enhances neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity, vital for cognitive functions and brain resilience. This review delves into the molecular mechanisms of H₂S-mediated neuroprotection, supported by experimental evidence and exploring therapeutic prospects. It also addresses challenges in harnessing H₂S for neuroprotection, proposing innovative research pathways to bridge existing gaps and optimize H₂S-based therapies. This comprehensive analysis aims to elucidate the multifaceted roles of H₂S in the CNS, emphasizing its potential as a therapeutic agent and guiding future research to exploit its neuroprotective properties fully.